Electropolymerised pH Insensitive Salicylic Acid Reference Systems: Utilization in a Novel pH Sensor for Food and Environmental Monitoring

This work summarizes the electrochemical response of a salicylic acid-based carbon electrode for use as a novel solid-state reference electrode in a redox-based pH sensor. This novel reference produces a pH insensitive response over a range of pH 3–10 in solutions with low buffer concentrations, different compositions, conductivities, and ionic strengths is produced. The pH of the local environment is shown to be determined by the chemistry and the electrochemical response of the redox active species on the surface of the electrode; the local pH can be controlled by the electropolymerized salicylic acid moieties due to the acid concentration on the surface, avoiding any perturbation in environmental pH and leading to a stable novel reference system. Sensitivities of −7.1 mV/pH unit, −2.4 mV/pH unit, −0.2 mV/pH unit, and 2.5 mV/pH units were obtained for different food medias, hydroponic solution, seawater, and cell-culture media, respectively, confirming its ability to control the local pH of the electrode. This reference system is paired with a new pH sensing element based on electropolymerized flavanone to provide a calibration free, pH sensitive sensor to effectively and accurately measure the pH of various media with high viscosity, low conductivity, low/high buffer concentration or cell-culture environment, presenting a maximum error of +/−0.03 pH units.

Development of a metrological reference system for the form measurement of aspheres and freeform surfaces based on a tilted-wave interferometer

Aspheres and freeform surfaces play an important role in today's optics industry. However, the measurement of such complex surfaces is still challenging even with state-of-the-art manufacturing technology, and there is an urgent need in industry for a non-contact, highly accurate reference measurement technique. To meet this demand, at PTB, a metrological reference system for the contact-free form measurement of aspheres and freeform surfaces is under development. The measurement system is based on a tilted-wave interferometer. Advances in computational capabilities have made it possible to solve the complex inverse problems associated with this measurement system and to develop sophisticated analysis procedures for reconstructing the surface under test from the measured interferogram data. In this paper, we will present the status of the tilted-wave interferometer-based measurement system at PTB, describe the analysis procedures we have designed and show initial measurement results. The benefit of the implementation presented here is that it allows insight to be gained into the performance of the measurement system and enables traceable measurements to be established with low uncertainty.

Locative Prepositions “at, in, on” and Translation to Vietnamese Through Frameworks

Based on the role of the frame of reference under the influence of point-of-view culture in the British and Vietnamese ethnic groups used as a cognitive premise in the translation, the article presents the justification of the contracting process about the reasons, similarities and differences as well as the semantic differences of the locating preposition “at, in, on” in English with the corresponding linguistic units in Vietnamese through specific communication contexts. Research results show that if the reference object (DTQC) in the positioning reference system of the English preposition is assimilated with the speaker in Vietnamese [similar to the reference frame in the reference system] then, the translation semantics of the preposition “at, in, on” will be similar to the expression semantics of the corresponding units in Vietnamese. In contrast, the different structural semantics are manifested because there is no similarity in the frame of reference.

Configuring a Concept. On Iteration and Infinity

The question asked in this paper concerns the relation between perception, the senses, and the human faculty of conceptualizing experiential values. I suggest that I came across data that exemplifies the transition from the sensing of an Umwelt to a conceptual grasp. The human faculty of conceptualizing experiential values obviously relies on experiential ontologies as a reference system. But the latter does not bring about the conceptualizing. The main question is then: How does conceptualizing work, and what is a concept? Do we know what conceptualizing is like? Do we know what thinking is? Of course, we experience the processual endpoints with words as convenient results. We seem to know how we learn words. Do we also know how we create their meanings? The meanings of iteration and infinity are in focus here. The passage from iteration to infinity is not defined by words. The distribution of response numbers seems to indicate that there is an underlying feeling, or sensing that enables, and accompanies, the understanding of a meaning.

Research on the Control Method of Unmanned Helicopter Under the Background of Artificial Intelligence

A synopsis of a multidisciplinary research initiative focused on critical strategies for the genuine independent flight of tiny, vertical flying take-off (VTOL) unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The research activities are the flight testbed, a simulation and test environment, and integrated components for onboard navigation, perception, design, and control. The necessity to create an unmanned helicopter system in different new civil applications cannot be overlooked. A highly reliable model may be used in the design, analysis, and implementation. The helicopter is fitted with a reference system for flight test data measurement and recording attitude heading reference system (AHRS) and the accompanying data storage modules. Recently, artificial intelligence-based deep learning (DL) has demonstrated excellent outcomes for a wide range of robotic activities in the areas of perception, planning, location, and management. Its remarkable skills to learn from complex data obtained in actual surroundings make it appropriate for many autonomous robotic applications. At the same time, UHS is currently widely utilized in various civil tasks in security, cinematography, disaster assistance, package delivery, or warehouse management (Unmanned Helicopter System). This paper conducted detailed work on current applications and the most significant advances and their performance and limits for the DL-UHS method. Furthermore, the essential strategies for deep learning are explained in depth — finally, discussing the principal hurdles of applying deep learning for UHS solutions. The proposed DL-UHS enhance outcome to evaluate the control strategies for the unmanned helicopter to achieve the low signal to noise error ratio of 31.3%, the error rate of 33.6%, the high-performance ratio of 91.4%, enhance accurate path planning 97.5%, prediction ratio of 96.3%, less trajectory cost ratio of 17.8% and increased safety tracking rate 93.6% when compared to other popular methods.

Redefining of “EPSG” and “PROJ” for current State Coordinate Reference System of the Republic of North Macedonia

The state Coordinate Reference System (CRS) of the Republic of North Macedonia (RNM) has been established a century ago, by the Military Geographic Institute of the Yugoslavia Kingdom. It is in official usage entire period up to day. In international public EPSG registry of geodetic datums, spatial reference systems, Earth ellipsoids, coordinate transformations and related units of measurement, CRS for RNM is recognizable within 3 EPSG codes 6204, 6316 and 8679.First code EPSG 6204 represents current state CRS for the entire country area, based on current law, however unfortunately this CRS is official by the law but it is not used for developing the official spatial data published in geoportals of Agency for Real Estate Cadastre (AREC) and NSDI geoportal of RNM. The second code EPSG 6316 is defined to be used for 6 countries of former Yugoslavia that covers area between 19.5°E up to 22.5°E longitude, which does not correspond with the practical and official usage of CRS for working with spatial data in RNM and CRS law definition in RNM. Third code EPSG 8679 has never been used in RNM, which covers eastern part of RNM and Serbia beginning from 22.5°E.Beside of problems with EPSG codes, default transformation parameters of EPSG 6316 have low accuracy and can not be used for data overlapping with open layers. Therefore, redefined new EPSG codes for state CRS of RNM are proposed in this paper.

On the Jacobian Construction

Показано, что как произведение дифференциалов независимых переменных, так и произведение частных производных функции многих (нескольких) переменных преобразуются как кососимметрическая форма с одним и тем же определителем Якоби при переходе от одной системы координат к другой. It is shown that both the product of independent variable differentials and the product of partial derivatives of a multivariable function can be rearranged as an antisymmetric form with the same Jacobian as we convert from one reference system to another one.