Aircraft Sequencing and Scheduling in Parallel-Point Merge Systems for Multiple Parallel Runways

The Point Merge System (PMS) is one of the approaches that offer systematic sequencing in terminal maneuver area (TMA) which was developed at the EUROCONTROL Experimental Centre in 2006. The Parallel-Point Merge System (P-PMS) is used in TMAs with high air traffic density as a combination of two PMSs with opposite directions. However, it is difficult to optimize arrival sequences in such a system because of the additional separation requirements at common points as well as at merge points. Additionally, it is important to operate at maximum efficiency with parallel runway systems when using the runway reassignment process. Reassigning arriving/departing aircraft to a different runway, however, can significantly affect delays and fuel consumption depending on the difference in taxi-in/out times. This effect is overlooked in most aircraft sequencing and scheduling optimization studies with PMS. This study proposes single and multi-objective programming models for a TMA with P-PMS to minimize total fuel consumption, total flight time, and total delay including taxi-in/out times. The models were implemented on the current layout of Istanbul Airport having two PMS with two merge points, three common points, and five parallel runways. The considered traffic scenarios included both dependent and independent runway operations for mixed arrival–departure sequences. The results revealed that arrival–departure sequencing considering taxi-in/out times resulted in shorter delays up to 77.5% and low level of fuel consumption up to 8.7%.

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The total fuel consumption of low-speed engine ship with kite

Collection of Scientific Publications NUS ◽

10.15589/jnn20160302 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 0 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Vladimir P. Shostak ◽

Aliona I. Kisarova

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Low Speed ◽

Total Fuel Consumption ◽

Speed Engine

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The total fuel consumption vessel with low-speed engine and kite

Collection of Scientific Publications NUS ◽

10.15589/jnn20160204 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 0 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Vladimir P. Shostak ◽

Alena I. Kisarova

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Low Speed ◽

Total Fuel Consumption ◽

Speed Engine

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Photoisomerization-induced patterning of ion-pairing materials based on anionic azobenzene and its complex with a fluorescent π-electronic system

Chemical Communications ◽

10.1039/d0cc07640f ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (35) ◽

pp. 4287-4290

Author(s):

Ryohei Yamakado ◽

Issei Kitamura ◽

Mitsuo Hara ◽

Shusaku Nagano ◽

Takahiro Seki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Tension ◽

Mass Transport ◽

Trace Amount ◽

Ion Pairs ◽

Ion Pairing ◽

Electronic System ◽

Large Mass ◽

System P ◽

The Difference

Large mass transport driven by the difference in the photoisomerization-induced surface tension was demonstrated in ion pairs, enabling fluorescence patterning using a trace amount of photoisomerized anions in complexation with a π-electronic system.

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Uncertain and multi-objective programming models for crop planting structure optimization

Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering ◽

10.15302/j-fase-2016084 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 34 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mo LI ◽

Ping GUO ◽

Liudong ZHANG ◽

Chenglong ZHANG

Keyword(s):

Structure Optimization ◽

Programming Models ◽

Multi Objective ◽

Multi Objective Programming ◽

Objective Programming ◽

Crop Planting

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Experimental Analysis of Calculation of Fuel Consumption Rate by On-Road Mileage in a 2.0 L Gasoline-Fueled Passenger Vehicle

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app8122390 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 2390 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jaehyuk Lim ◽

Yumin Lee ◽

Kiho Kim ◽

Jinwook Lee

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Fuel Economy ◽

Fuel Efficiency ◽

Co2 Concentration ◽

The United States ◽

Traffic Conditions ◽

Fuel Consumption Rate ◽

Driving Cycles ◽

The Difference ◽

Consumption Value

The five-driving test mode is vehicle driving cycles made by the Environment Protection Association (EPA) in the United States of America (U.S.A.) to fully reflect actual driving environments. Recently, fuel consumption value calculated from the adjusted fuel consumption formula has been more effective in reducing the difference from that experienced in real-world driving conditions, than the official fuel efficiency equation used in the past that only considered the driving environment included in FTP and HWFET cycles. There are many factors that bring about divergence between official fuel consumption and that experienced by drivers, such as driving pattern behavior, accumulated mileage, driving environment, and traffic conditions. In this study, we focused on the factor of causing change of fuel efficiency value, calculated according to how many environmental conditions that appear on the real-road are considered, in producing the fuel consumption formula, and that of the vehicle’s accumulated mileage in a 2.0 L gasoline-fueled vehicle. So, the goals of this research are divided into four major areas to investigate divergence in fuel efficiency obtained from different equations, and what factors and how much CO2 and CO emissions that are closely correlated to fuel efficiency change, depending on the cumulative mileage of the vehicle. First, the fuel consumption value calculated from the non-adjusted formula, was compared with that calculated from the corrected fuel consumption formula. Also, how much CO2 concentration levels change as measured during each of the three driving cycles was analyzed as the vehicle ages. In addition, since the US06 driving cycle is divided into city mode and highway mode, how much CO2 and CO production levels change as the engine ages during acceleration periods in each mode was investigated. Finally, the empirical formula was constructed using fuel economy values obtained when the test vehicle reached 6500 km, 15,000 km, and 30,000 km cumulative mileage, to predict how much fuel consumption of city and highway would worsen, when mileage of the vehicle is increased further. When cumulative mileage values set in this study were reached, experiments were performed by placing the vehicle on a chassis dynamometer, in compliance with the carbon balance method. A key result of this study is that fuel economy is affected by various fuel consumption formula, as well as by aging of the engine. In particular, with aging aspects, the effect of an aging engine on fuel efficiency is insignificant, depending on the load and driving situation.

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An Integrated Approach for the Assessment of Central Cooling Retrofit Using Variable Speed Drive Pump in Marine Applications

Journal of Marine Science and Engineering ◽

10.3390/jmse7080253 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 253

Author(s):

Pariotis ◽

Zannis ◽

Katsanis

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Integrated Approach ◽

Threshold Temperature ◽

Engine Fuel ◽

Variable Speed ◽

Variable Speed Drive ◽

Pump Operation ◽

Total Fuel Consumption ◽

Marine Applications ◽

Main Engine

The present study describes a model-based approach for the assessment of central cooling retrofit solutions using variable speed drive (VSD) seawater (SW) pumps in marine applications. There are two main innovative features of the proposed methodology. The effect of boundary conditions (fluid stream temperatures and mass flow rates) on the performance of central SW/fresh water (FW) cooler is considered via a detailed heat exchanger simulation model. Additionally, the repercussion of the higher FW temperature on the main engine fuel consumption due to the incorporation of a VSD SW pump is examined. The proposed methodology is applied on a handy-size bulk carrier equipped with a shell and tube SW/FW central cooler and a two-stroke main diesel engine. Both the reduced power demand for the VSD pump and the increased brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) of the main engine due to the increased low temperature (LT)/FW temperature have been considered at each operating point examined. Predictions have shown that in all part-load operating cases examined the use of a VSD SW pump has a positive effect on the reduction of total fuel consumption, whereas at full engine load, there is a SW threshold temperature under which the operation with a VSD pump leads to slightly higher total fuel consumption. This study highlights the importance of using an integrated approach for the reliable assessment of central cooling retrofit solutions, which can lead to optimized control solutions of the VSD pump operation for maximizing a ship’s fuel savings.

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A Novel On-Ramp Merging Strategy for Connected and Automated Vehicles Based on Game Theory

Journal of Advanced Transportation ◽

10.1155/2020/2529856 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Haigen Min ◽

Yukun Fang ◽

Runmin Wang ◽

Xiaochi Li ◽

Zhigang Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Game Theory ◽

Travel Time ◽

Fuel Consumption ◽

Transportation Network ◽

Control Algorithms ◽

Traffic Density ◽

Automated Vehicles ◽

Network Efficiency ◽

Total Travel Time ◽

The Cost

Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) have attracted much attention of researchers because of its potential to improve both transportation network efficiency and safety through control algorithms and reduce fuel consumption. However, vehicle merging at intersection is one of the main factors that lead to congestion and extra fuel consumption. In this paper, we focused on the scenario of on-ramp merging of CAVs, proposed a centralized approach based on game theory to control the process of on-ramp merging for all agents without any collisions, and optimized the overall fuel consumption and total travel time. For the framework of the game, benefit, loss, and rules are three basic components, and in our model, benefit is the priority of passing the merging point, represented via the merging sequence (MS), loss is the cost of fuel consumption and the total travel time, and the game rules are designed in accordance with traffic density, fairness, and wholeness. Each rule has a different degree of importance, and to get the optimal weight of each rule, we formulate the problem as a double-objective optimization problem and obtain the results by searching the feasible Pareto solutions. As to the assignment of merging sequence, we evaluate each competitor from three aspects by giving scores and multiplying the corresponding weight and the agent with the higher score gets comparatively smaller MS, i.e., the priority of passing the intersection. The simulations and comparisons are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Moreover, the proposed method improved the fuel economy and saved the travel time.

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The Technological Progress of the Fuel Consumption Rate for Passenger Vehicles in China: 2009–2016

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12122384 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 2384 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jihu Zheng ◽

Rujie Yu ◽

Yong Liu ◽

Yuhong Zou ◽

Dongchang Zhao

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Technological Progress ◽

Consumption Rate ◽

Joint Venture ◽

Passenger Vehicles ◽

Fuel Consumption Rate ◽

The Difference ◽

And Performance ◽

The Relationship ◽

Better Than

China has set stringent fuel consumption rate (FCR) targets to address the serious environmental and energy security problems caused by vehicles. Estimating the technological progress and tradeoffs between FCR and vehicle attributes is important for assessing the viability of meeting future targets. In this paper, we explored the relationship between vehicle FCR and other attributes using a regression model with data from 2009–2016. We also quantified the difference in the tradeoff between local and joint venture brands. The result showed that from 2009 to 2016, if power and curb mass were held constant, 2.3% and 2.9% annual technological progress should have been achieved for local and joint venture brands, respectively. The effectiveness of fuel-efficient technologies for joint venture brands is generally better than that of local brands. Impacts of other attributes on FCR were also assessed. The joint venture brands made more technological progress with FCR improvement than that of local brands. Even if 100% of technological progress (assume the technological progress in the future were the same as that of 2009–2016) investment were used to improve actual FCR after 2016, it would be difficult to meet 2020 target. Accelerating the adoption of fuel-efficient technologies, and controlling weight and performance, are both needed to achieve the 2020 and 2025 targets.

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Research on Variable Cylinders of the Tandem 4-Cylinder Gasoline Engine for Fuel Economy

Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics ◽

10.20965/jrm.2008.p0075 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 75-81 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kouki Yamaji ◽

◽

Hirokazu Suzuki ◽

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Fuel Economy ◽

Gasoline Engine ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Electronic Control Unit ◽

Control Unit ◽

Engine Fuel ◽

Electronic Control ◽

The Difference ◽

Predetermined Time

With progress in internal combustion engine fuel economy, variable cylinder systems have attracted attention. We measured fuel consumption in cylinder cutoff by stopping the injector alone, collected data changing the location and number of cutoff cylinders and when varying the cutoff cylinder, and compared the difference in fuel cost reduction. A transistor is inserted serially into the injector control circuit of the electronic control unit (ECU). By controlling the transistor via microcomputer, the injector is turned on or off independently from ECU control in obtain cylinder cutoff. The amount of fuel consumption is measured using enhancement mode of a failure diagnostic device based on the OBD II standard to collect injection time and rotational speed of the injector for a predetermined time and calculated based on this data. We confirmed that by stopping the injector alone, fuel consumption was reduced 6 to 22% and is reduced when the cutoff cylinder is varied.

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