An Intersection Platoon Speed Control Model Considering Traffic Efficiency and Energy Consumption in CVIS

This paper proposed an intersection platoon speed control model considering traffic efficiency and energy consumption in the cooperative vehicle-infrastructure systems (CVIS) environment. This model divides the control situation in detail according to the different state of signal lights at the intersection and splits the platoon that cannot pass the intersection completely. The optimization model is established by taking the traffic delay and energy consumption of the platoon as the control objectives, and the model is solved by using a genetic algorithm (GA). Finally, the simulation platform is built by SUMO traffic simulation software, MATLAB, and Python to verify the model. The simulation results show that the total number of queued vehicles, the maximum number of queued vehicles, and the mean travel time of vehicles decreased by 77.81%, 33.33%, and 10.95%, respectively. Besides, the total fuel consumption is reduced by 19.95%, the total emissions of CO2, CO, HC, NOx, and PMx decreased by 19.96%, 58.55%, 51.33%, 23.81%, and 37.51%, respectively. It indicates that the proposed platoon speed control model can effectively improve traffic efficiency while reducing energy consumption and pollutant emissions.

Analysis of Air Pollutant Emissions for Mechanized Rice Cultivation in Korea

In Korea, rice is a major staple grain and it is mainly cultivated using various types of agricultural machinery. Air pollutants emitted from agricultural machinery have their origins mainly from the exhaustion of internal combustion engines. In this study, the emission characteristics of five main air pollutants by the European Environment Agency’s Tier 1 method for rice cultivation were analyzed. Diesel is a main fuel for agricultural machinery and gasoline is generally used only for rice transplanters as a fuel in Korea. Tractors consume 46% of total fuel consumption and 56% of diesel fuel consumption. Gasoline used for rice transplanters accounts for about 17% of the total fuel consumption each year. Tractors and rice transplanters emit 82% of all total pollutants. From 2011 to 2019, the total amount of air pollutant emissions decreased by 15%. That accounted for the reduction of rice cultivation fields in those periods. Rice transplanting operation accounts for 42% of total emissions. Then, harrowing, harvesting, tilling, leveling, and pest control operations generated 10%, 10%, 8%, 8%, and 7% of total emissions, respectively. The contribution of each air pollutant held 54% of CO, 39% of NOx, 5% of NMVOC, and 2% of TSP from the total emission inventory. The three major regions emitting air pollutants from mechanized agricultural practices were Jeollanam-do, Chungcheongnam-do, and Jeollabuk-do, which consume 55% of the total fuel usage in rice farming. The total amount of air pollutant emissions from rice cultivation practices in 2019 was calculated as 8448 tons in Korea.

PENGARUH DURASI CAMSHAFT TERHADAP PRESTASI MESIN BENSIN 110 CC

Effect camshaft duration on performance of 110 cc gasoline engine carried out by comparing the duration of standard and modified camshafts of 303.5o to obtain maximum power produced by 110 cc smash type Suzuki engine and its effect on fuel consumption. This study aims to know of, (1) torque machine with modification in duration camshaft, (2) knowing total fuel consumption (FC), spesific fuel consumption (SFC), and thermal efficiency of the standard engine and engine has modified in the duration of its camshaft. A method of testing in the research was done with to the chassis of dynamometer as for testing done in PT.Suzuki galesong pratama through adhering to a standard testing suzuki that has been set. The results showed a change in the value of power and torque on standard engine power obtained by 5.3 HP or 3.88 kW to 6.0 HP or 4.63 kW with a torque value of 6.14 N.m, then decreased at 9000 rpm rotation of 5.02 Nm. While the duration of power modification camshaft obtained is 7.5 HP or 5.60 kW with a torque of 8.65 Nm, it also decreases at 9000 rpm of 7.9 HP or 5.89 kW. The significant effect occurs at 9000 rpm. Standard camshaft FC value is obtained at 0.8946 kg / h, SFC = 0.1932 kg / kWh. For duration of modified camshaft, at 9000 rpm, FC value obtained was 1.6526 kg / h, SFC = 0.2806 kg / kWh. From these results, it is known that an increase occurred in the FC value with a difference of 0.758 from previous results with an SFC of 0.0874. Furthermore, thermal efficiency obtained by 50.01% at 6000 rpm decrease by 40.29 % at 9000 rpm for standard camshaft. The duration of a modified camshaft was obtained by 53.34% at 6000 rpm and decrease by 30.02 % at 9000 rpm.

A Graph-Based Optimal On-Ramp Merging of Connected Vehicles on the Highway

Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) are a very promising alternative for reducing fuel consumption and improving traffic efficiency when vehicles merge at on-ramps. In this study, we propose a graph-based method to coordinate CAVs to merge at the highway ramp. First, the optimized vehicles were divided into groups to pass the merging point. Then we built a directed graph model for each group of vehicles, where each path of the graph corresponds to one of all possible merging sequences. The improved shortest path algorithm is proposed to find the optimal merging sequence for minimizing total fuel consumption. The results of the simulation showed that the proposed graph-based method reduced fuel consumption and ensured high traffic efficiency; moreover, the vehicles can form a platoon after passing the merge point.

Modeling and Integrated Optimization of Power Split and Exhaust Thermal Management on Diesel Hybrid Electric Vehicles

To simultaneously achieve high fuel efficiency and low emissions in a diesel hybrid electric vehicle (DHEV), it is necessary to optimize not only power split but also exhaust thermal management for emission aftertreatment systems. However, how to coordinate the power split and the exhaust thermal management to balance fuel economy improvement and emissions reduction remains a formidable challenge. In this paper, a hierarchical model predictive control (MPC) framework is proposed to coordinate the power split and the exhaust thermal management. The method consists of two parts: a fuel and thermal optimized controller (FTOC) combining the rule-based and the optimization-based methods for power split simultaneously considering fuel consumption and exhaust temperature, and a fuel post-injection thermal controller (FPTC) for exhaust thermal management with a separate fuel injection system added to the exhaust pipe. Additionally, preview information about the road grade is introduced to improve the power split by a fuel and thermal on slope forecast optimized controller (FTSFOC). Simulation results show that the hierarchical method (FTOC + FPTC) can reach the optimal exhaust temperature nearly 40 s earlier, and its total fuel consumption is also reduced by 8.9%, as compared to the sequential method under a world light test cycle (WLTC) driving cycle. Moreover, the total fuel consumption of the FTSFOC is reduced by 5.2%, as compared to the fuel and thermal on sensor-information optimized controller (FTSOC) working with real-time road grade information.

Analysis of Air Pollutant Emissions for Mechanized Rice Cultivation in Korea

In Korea, rice is a major staple grain and is mainly cultivated using various agricultural machinery. Air pollutants emitted from agricultural machinery have their origins mainly from the exhaustion of internal combustion engines. In this study, emission characteristics of five main air pollutants by European Environment Agency's Tier 1 method for rice cultivation was analyzed. Diesel is a main fuel for agricultural machinery and gasoline is generally used only for rice transplanters as a fuel in Korea. Tractors consume 46% of total fuel consumption and 56% of diesel fuel consumption. Gasoline used for rice transplanters accounts for 17% of total fuel consumption each year. Tractors and rice transplanters are emitting 82% of all total pollutants. From 2011 to 2019, the total amount of air pollutant emissions was decrease by 15%. That accounted for the reduction of rice cultivation fields in those periods. Rice transplanting operation was in charge of 42% of total emissions. Then, harrowing, harvesting, tilling, leveling, and pest control operations generated 10%, 10%, 8%, 8% and 7% of total emissions, respectively. The contribution of each air pollutant held 54% of CO, 39% of NOx, 5% of NMVOC, and 2% of TSP from the total emission inventory. The three major regions emitting air pollutants from mechanized agricultural practices were Jeollanam-do, Chungcheongnam-do, and Jeollabuk-do, which consume 55% of total fuel usage in rice farming. The total amount of air pollutant emissions from rice cultivation practices in 2019 was calculated as 8,448 Mg in Korea.

Determination of fuel consumption and pollutant emissions with the real-time engine running data of aircrafts in the taxi-out period

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to calculate the fuel consumption and emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and hydrocarbons (HC) in the taxi-out period of aircraft at the International Diyarbakir Airport in 2018 and 2019. Design/methodology/approach Calculations were performed by determining the engine operating times in the taxi-out period with the flight data obtained from the airport authority. In the analyses, aircraft series and aircraft engine types were determined, and the Engine Exhaust Emission Databank of the International Civil Aviation Authority (ICAO) were used for the calculation. Findings Total fuel consumption in the taxi-out period in 2018 and 2019 was calculated as 525.64 and 463.69 tons, respectively. In 2018, HC, CO and NOx emissions caused by fuel consumption were found to be 1,109, 10,668 and 2,339 kg, respectively. In 2019, the total HC, CO and NOx emissions released to the atmosphere during the taxi-out phase are 966, 9,391 and 2,126 kg, respectively. B737 Series aircraft have the largest share in total fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. Practical implications This study explains the importance of determining fuel consumption and pollutant emissions by considering engine operating times in the taxi-out period. The study provides aviation authorities with scientific methods to follow in calculating fuel consumption and emissions from aircraft operations. Originality/value The originality of this study is the calculation of fuel consumption and pollutant emissions by determining real-time engine running times in the taxi-out period. In addition, calculations were made with real engine operating times determined in the taxi-out period using real flight data.

Aircraft Sequencing and Scheduling in Parallel-Point Merge Systems for Multiple Parallel Runways

The Point Merge System (PMS) is one of the approaches that offer systematic sequencing in terminal maneuver area (TMA) which was developed at the EUROCONTROL Experimental Centre in 2006. The Parallel-Point Merge System (P-PMS) is used in TMAs with high air traffic density as a combination of two PMSs with opposite directions. However, it is difficult to optimize arrival sequences in such a system because of the additional separation requirements at common points as well as at merge points. Additionally, it is important to operate at maximum efficiency with parallel runway systems when using the runway reassignment process. Reassigning arriving/departing aircraft to a different runway, however, can significantly affect delays and fuel consumption depending on the difference in taxi-in/out times. This effect is overlooked in most aircraft sequencing and scheduling optimization studies with PMS. This study proposes single and multi-objective programming models for a TMA with P-PMS to minimize total fuel consumption, total flight time, and total delay including taxi-in/out times. The models were implemented on the current layout of Istanbul Airport having two PMS with two merge points, three common points, and five parallel runways. The considered traffic scenarios included both dependent and independent runway operations for mixed arrival–departure sequences. The results revealed that arrival–departure sequencing considering taxi-in/out times resulted in shorter delays up to 77.5% and low level of fuel consumption up to 8.7%.

Minimization of Fuel Consumption of A Swarm Of Spacecraft Through A Genetic Algorithm Approach

As humanity moves closer to forming realis-tic paths toward space exploration beyond that what we have already accomplished, multiple new chal-lenges have presented themselves. Traditional large spacecraft prove to be unfeasible both logistically and economically for missions where a single prob-lem can completely halt operations, especially given that higher reward missions are also of higher risk. A possible alternative to large craft is using a swarm of smaller craft made to accomplish the same goals while mitigating some of the drawbacks large craft face. Rockets, space shuttles, and satellites all prove to be too large to navigate areas of space dense with obstacles. Smaller craft on the scale of one meter in a large swarm would navigate these regions. Due to the decentralized nature of a swarm, any problems faced by one craft do not necessarily affect the oth-ers, allowing the swarm to stay operational despite some crafts becoming compromised. This feature means that a problem or miscalculation that could completely derail an entire mission in the context of a large spacecraft would not do the same to a swarm. In the context of exploring dense and/or extreme en-vironments in space, many logistic and economic problems faced by large craft due to their size and centralized nature will not affect a swarm. With an ac-curate mathematical model of the swarm dynamics from Benet et al.[1], a genetic algorithm’s metaheuristic method is utilized[2] to find optimal pa-rameters that yield a minimal fuel consumption value for a given trajectory/mission objective. From this approach, the total fuel consumption was cut in half while retaining desirable characteristics of the trajec-tory such as collision avoidance and final formation constraints, giving us a similar course that accom-plishes the same goal of transporting craft around objects and disturbances while also minimizing eco-nomic losses.

Economic justification for growing walnut rootstocks (Juglans regia L.)

Purpose. To establish economic feasibility of growing walnut rootstocks. Methods. Walnut seedlings, promising as rootstocks in Ukraine, were studied in nurseries IE Zatokovyi V. Yu. (Sloboda Komarivtsi village, Storozhynets district, Chernivtsi region) during 2018–2020. Economic efficiency of growing rootstocks was determined according to the Method of economic and energy assessment of types of fruit and berry plantations, pomological varieties and the results of technological research in horticulture (2002). Results. To determine the economic efficiency of seedling cultivation, the technological map of walnut seedling cultivation was analyzed. The largest share in the structure of costs was accounted for by labor remuneration – 86.7%. The reason was the use of manual labor, which accounted for 96.5% of the total technology of growing seedlings. The level of mechanization of cultivation was only 3.5%. The total fuel consumption per 1 hectare was 120.7 liters, or UAH 2,957.20 in monetary terms. Thus, fuel consumption accounted for a small share – 0.4% of the cost of one seedling. One hectare of land provided an output of 65 thousand pcs of walnut seedlings, which amounted to 1,625 thousand UAH at a cost of 25 UAH/piece. Material costs amounted to 46.16 thousand UAH/ha (total costs – 712.43 thousand UAH). Therefore, the cost was extremely low and the level of profitability was extremely high. Conclusions. Growing walnut seedlings of the varieties ‘Slava Ukrainy’, ‘Pamiati Zatokovoho’, ‘Lysychanskyi’ is economically feasible. This is due to the relatively low cost of one seedling (UAH 10.82) and high profitability of production of the original breeding material for grafting and planting industrial crops.