Evaluating the role of extracellular vesicles as a biomarker under transmission electron microscope in prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia patients

2021 ◽  
pp. 039156032110186
Author(s):  
Vibhore Agarwal ◽  
Sher Singh Yadav ◽  
Sanjay Kumar ◽  
Nishkarsh Mehta ◽  
Gagandeep Talwar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Gleason Score ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Cell Of Origin ◽  
Prostate Hyperplasia ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Objectives: To our knowledge, EVs (extracellular vesicles) are heterogenous encapsulated nanoparticles generated by the biological cells. EVs can be found in blood, urine and tissue of origin. They contain DNAs, RNAs, proteins specific to the cell of origin. It has been found that in PCa, increase in number of EVs can modulate phenotype and function of the recipient cells. Methods: This prospective randomized double-blind pilot study was conducted in the SMS Medical College, Jaipur in collaboration with All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. For morphometric analysis, the number of extracellular vesicles per micrograph were counted under transmission electron microscope. Results: Out of 16 patients taken in our study, six were in group 1 (BPH group) and 10 were in group 2 (PCa group). The mean number of EVs was significantly higher in the cells of group 2 in comparison to the group 1. Among the PCa patients, mean number of EVs were 25, 30, 35, 43, 46 for the Gleason score 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 respectively. In our study the mean number of EVs in the newly diagnosed PCa group was less as compared to the CSPC and CRPC group. Conclusions: EVs are membrane bound particles shed regularly from the cells in the extracellular milieu under normal physiological and pathological conditions. In our study the number of EVs were more in the PCa cells in comparison with the BPH cells and among the PCa cells they bear a positive correlation with the Gleason score, thus EVs have the potential to become a biomarker.

Growth and development of collagen fibrils in immature tissues from rat and sheep

1981 ◽  
Vol 212 (1186) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Collagen Fibril ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Collagen Fibrils ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Rat Tissues ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fibril Diameter

The collagen fibril diameter distribution of four immature tissues from both rat and sheep have been determined from transverse sections observed in the transmission electron microscope. In many instances before birth, the form of the distribution for the tissues is both unimodal and sharp and the mean diameters of the distributions lie close to a multiple of 80 Å. For some tissues, the collagen fibril diameter distributions may be resolved into a number of components, each of which represents a population of fibrils with a diameter close to a multiple of 80 Å (8 nm). These data confirm and extend previous observations by the authors that small collagen fibrils all have diameters that are multiples of about 80 Å and that the fibril growth occurs by the accretion of 80 Å units. The form of the collagen fibril diameter distribution at birth is broad for the sheep tissues but narrow for the rat tissues, thus confirming that the range of fibril diameters at this stage of life reflects the differing degree of development of precocious and altricious animals.

Aberrations in the Transmission Electron Microscope

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 352-353
Author(s):  
R.A. Ploc
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Landau Equation ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Bethe Equation ◽  
Aperture Size ◽  
Resolution Limit ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pass Through

Three aberrations contribute to the loss of image resolution in the transmission electron microscope; spherical (SA=Csα3), chromatic (CA=Ccα△VV-1) and diffraction (DA=O.61ƛα-1). For high voltage incident electrons and thin materials most microscopists assume resolution is controlled by spherical and diffraction aberrations. We shall discuss whether equating the SA and DA to derive an optimum aperture size (related to αo) and resolution limit (1) is a valid procedure.To determine △V for a given material requires the use of either the Bethe or Landau equations. The Landau formula can be used to give the width of the energy spectrum and the Bethe equation, the mean energy loss after the incident electrons pass through the foil. Since the former is the most probable quantity contributing to CA, Figures 1 and 2 are based on the use of the Landau equation. Zirconium of thickness, t, will be considered for the accelerating voltages 105 and 106 eV.

A Reproducible Selective Stain for Cardiac Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 214-215
Author(s):  
R. A. Waugh ◽  
J. R. Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Cardiac Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Transmission Electron

Cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is a complex system of intracellular tubules that, due to their small size and juxtaposition to such electron-dense structures as mitochondria and myofibrils, are often inconspicuous in conventionally prepared electron microscopic material. This study reports a method with which the SR is selectively “stained” which facilitates visualizationwith the transmission electron microscope.

Surface Structure of the Spores of Glugea Weissenbergi

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 238-239
Author(s):  
Sanford H. Vernick ◽  
Anastasios Tousimis ◽  
Victor Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Surface Structure ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Mature Spore ◽  
Spore Surface ◽  
Sectioned Material ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Surface Detail

Recent electron microscope studies have greatly expanded our knowledge of the structure of the Microsporida, particularly of the developing and mature spore. Since these studies involved mainly sectioned material, they have revealed much internal detail of the spores but relatively little surface detail. This report concerns observations on the spore surface by means of the transmission electron microscope.

A New High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope with Second-Zone Objective Lens

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 176-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Tochigi ◽  
H. Uchida ◽  
S. Shirai ◽  
K. Akashi ◽  
D. J. Evins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
High Excitation ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
New Instrument

A New High Excitation Objective Lens (Second-Zone Objective Lens) was discussed at Twenty-Sixth Annual EMSA Meeting. A new commercially available Transmission Electron Microscope incorporating this new lens has been completed.Major advantages of the new instrument allow an extremely small beam to be produced on the specimen plane which minimizes specimen beam damages, reduces contamination and drift.

X-ray microanalysis of thin specimens in the transmission electron microscope at voltages up to 1000 Kv.

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 540-541
Author(s):  
G. Cliff ◽  
M.J. Nasir ◽  
G.W. Lorimer ◽  
N. Ridley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Present Series ◽  
Constant Independent ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Image Position ◽  
X Ray Absorption

In a specimen which is transmission thin to 100 kV electrons - a sample in which X-ray absorption is so insignificant that it can be neglected and where fluorescence effects can generally be ignored (1,2) - a ratio of characteristic X-ray intensities, I1/I2 can be converted into a weight fraction ratio, C1/C2, using the equationwhere k12 is, at a given voltage, a constant independent of composition or thickness, k12 values can be determined experimentally from thin standards (3) or calculated (4,6). Both experimental and calculated k12 values have been obtained for K(11<Z>19),kα(Z>19) and some Lα radiation (3,6) at 100 kV. The object of the present series of experiments was to experimentally determine k12 values at voltages between 200 and 1000 kV and to compare these with calculated values.The experiments were carried out on an AEI-EM7 HVEM fitted with an energy dispersive X-ray detector.

Aspects of microanalysis in a transmission electron microscope

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 510-511
Author(s):  
R. Sinclair ◽  
B.E. Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Critical Currents ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fine Grain ◽  
Transmission Electron

INTRODUCTIONThe prospect of performing chemical analysis of thin specimens at any desired level of resolution is particularly appealing to the materials scientist. Commercial TEM-based systems are now available which virtually provide this capability. The purpose of this contribution is to illustrate its application to problems which would have been intractable until recently, pointing out some current limitations.X-RAY ANALYSISIn an attempt to fabricate superconducting materials with high critical currents and temperature, thin Nb3Sn films have been prepared by electron beam vapor deposition [1]. Fine-grain size material is desirable which may be achieved by codeposition with small amounts of Al2O3 . Figure 1 shows the STEM microstructure, with large (∽ 200 Å dia) voids present at the grain boundaries. Higher quality TEM micrographs (e.g. fig. 2) reveal the presence of small voids within the grains which are absent in pure Nb3Sn prepared under identical conditions. The X-ray spectrum from large (∽ lμ dia) or small (∽100 Ǻ dia) areas within the grains indicates only small amounts of A1 (fig.3).

The direct determination of magnetic domain wall profiles using a split detector STEM

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 466-467
Author(s):  
J.N. Chapman ◽  
P.E. Batson ◽  
E.M. Waddell ◽  
R.P. Ferrier
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Domain Wall ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Domain Walls ◽  
Photographic Plate ◽  
Magnetic Domain ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Transmission Electron

By far the most commonly used mode of Lorentz microscopy in the examination of ferromagnetic thin films is the Fresnel or defocus mode. Use of this mode in the conventional transmission electron microscope (CTEM) is straightforward and immediately reveals the existence of all domain walls present. However, if such quantitative information as the domain wall profile is required, the technique suffers from several disadvantages. These include the inability to directly observe fine image detail on the viewing screen because of the stringent illumination coherence requirements, the difficulty of accurately translating part of a photographic plate into quantitative electron intensity data, and, perhaps most severe, the difficulty of interpreting this data. One solution to the first-named problem is to use a CTEM equipped with a field emission gun (FEG) (Inoue, Harada and Yamamoto 1977) whilst a second is to use the equivalent mode of image formation in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) (Chapman, Batson, Waddell, Ferrier and Craven 1977), a technique which largely overcomes the second-named problem as well.

A General Method for Spectrometer Design in the Scoff Approximation

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 538-539
Author(s):  
J. R. Fields
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Energy Analysis ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Chemical Identification ◽  
Scanning Transmission Electron ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
General Method

The energy analysis of electrons scattered by a specimen in a scanning transmission electron microscope can improve contrast as well as aid in chemical identification. In so far as energy analysis is useful, one would like to be able to design a spectrometer which is tailored to his particular needs. In our own case, we require a spectrometer which will accept a parallel incident beam and which will focus the electrons in both the median and perpendicular planes. In addition, since we intend to follow the spectrometer by a detector array rather than a single energy selecting slit, we need as great a dispersion as possible. Therefore, we would like to follow our spectrometer by a magnifying lens. Consequently, the line along which electrons of varying energy are dispersed must be normal to the direction of the central ray at the spectrometer exit.

Resolution in the Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
M. G. R. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Scanning Transmission Electron ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission

The variation of contrast and signal to noise ratio with change in detector solid angle in the high resolution scanning transmission electron microscope was discussed in an earlier paper. In that paper the conclusions were that the most favourable conditions for the imaging of isolated single heavy atoms were, using the notation in figure 1, either bright field phase contrast with β0⋍0.5 α0, or dark field with an annular detector subtending an angle between ao and effectively π/2.The microscope is represented simply by the model illustrated in figure 1, and the objective lens is characterised by its coefficient of spherical aberration Cs. All the results for the Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) may with care be applied to the Conventional Electron Microscope (CEM). The object atom is represented as detailed in reference 2, except that ϕ(θ) is taken to be the constant ϕ(0) to simplify the integration. This is reasonable for θ ≤ 0.1 θ0, where 60 is the screening angle.

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