Clandestine migration in Europe

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franck Düvell
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Illegal Migration ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
Migration Research

The concept of clandestine or illegal migration dates back to the 1930s but only became prominent during the 1980s and 1990s. It is an umbrella term that refers to a complex set of conditions and embraces various patterns. Instead of applying the conventional but crude legal/illegal dichotomy this article suggests a fine-tuned analysis of clandestine migration on a scale between the two poles. This contribution surveys the state of the art and discusses various approaches in clandestine migration research; it aims at clarifying as yet blurred definitions, discusses often problematical quantitative aspects, and gives an overview of various major patterns in clandestine migration. Finally, in reflecting on the specific conditions that determine clandestine migration, it argues that this phenomenon is a social construct of the 21st century.

Towards a Political Sociology of Transnationalization. The State of the Art in Migration Research

2004 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS FAIST
Keyword(s):  
International Migration ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Political Sociology ◽  
Hierarchical Control ◽  
Transnational Migration ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
General Study ◽  
Migration Research ◽  
National Borders

The transnational turn in international migration research since the early 1990s has sparked vigorous debates among migration scholars. Yet the political aspects of transnational migration have been under-studied when compared to social, cultural and economic processes. This is particularly astonishing because the very term transnational suggests the importance of national borders and nationally-bound polities as opportunities and restrictions of exchange, reciprocity, solidarity and hierarchical control for processes involving non-state actors to varying degrees. The goal of this analysis is to take stock of some developments in the general study of transnationalization and treat the aspects of politics, policy and polity as a specific case of this broader conceptual and empirical effort. This effort also identifies questions for further research and offers methodological venues for the study of transnationalism arising out of international migration.

scholarly journals A diachronic-synchronic review of gender in English

2007 ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Jesús Fernández Domínguez
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
21St Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
The State ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Broad View ◽  
Linguistic Universal

Why does man occur more frequently in the English language than woman does? Has the expression of gender evolved through the centuries or is it a non-changing linguistic universal? To what extent are inflections and word-formation processes able to convey gender in present-day English? This paper reviews a number of questions which have raised interest among scholars for many years, and which can now be reconsidered from a 21st-century perspective. To this end, the expression of gender is examined and illustrated from Old English to contemporary English to observe the alternatives which language provides and the differences in each of the periods covered. This allows taking a broad view of the state of the art, which seems necessary for an understanding of how biological sex can be expressed in the English language.

The state of the art: teaching drama in the 21st century

NJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-91
Author(s):  
Melissa Hughes
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Art Teaching

scholarly journals Acute pancreatitis at the beginning of the 21st century: The state of the art

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (24) ◽  
pp. 2945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfredo F Tonsi ◽  
Matilde Bacchion ◽  
Stefano Crippa ◽  
Giuseppe Malleo ◽  
Claudio Bassi
Keyword(s):  
Acute Pancreatitis ◽  
21St Century ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State

scholarly journals Modern Neuraxial Anesthesia for Labor and Delivery

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Louise Meng ◽  
Richard Smiley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
21St Century ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Labor Analgesia ◽  
Labor And Delivery ◽  
The Past ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Effective Analgesia

The availability of safe, effective analgesia during labor has become an expectation for women in most of the developed world over the past two or three decades. More than 60% of women in the United States now receive some kind of neuraxial procedure during labor. This article is a brief review of the advantages and techniques of neuraxial labor analgesia along with the recent advances and controversies in the field of labor analgesia. For the most part, we have aimed the discussion at the non-anesthesiologist to give other practitioners a sense of the state of the art and science of labor analgesia in the second decade of the 21st century.

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