Semantic-stylistic status of brandonyms

The article deals with the consideration of brandonyms from the standpoint of defining the status of lexical affiliation and their role in the stylistic organization of different texts. The article analyzes the issues aimed at clarifying such terms as «universal», «etrangism», «barbarism», as well as defines «brandonym», «text», determines the ability of brandonyms to acquire the characteristics of stylistics of certain messages, including advertising texts, and those that promote a particular idea implicitly. The onym space of any text is a reflection of the subjective assessment of the word by the author, therefore, the article emphasizes the peculiarities of introducing brandonyms to the texts of the above functional styles of modern Ukrainian standard language, as well as the specifics of mental and linguistic view of the world of an individual – the author of certain messages – as a representative of ethnolinguistic culture, the native of a separate language and philosophy. The relevance of the article is due to the need to trace functioning of proper names, in particular brandonyms, to try to establish their status in different texts. The aim of the article is to define the status of brandonyms from the standpoint of their affiliation to a certain group of vocabulary and stylistic purpose in the texts of literary and journalistic styles. Research methods are due to the peculiarities of the analysis of proprial vocabulary, which involves the use of descriptive method and a comprehensive approach to considering the functioning of specific lexical units in a particular text and their potential to create a certain stylistic intonation and power in achieving the overall goal of discourse formulation. In our opinion, the article is a necessary study in the research of Ukrainian onomastics, in particular the stylistic functions of proprietary names in various texts. Conclusions. Brandonyms cannot be assigned to one specific group: «barbarism», «entragism», or have only an understanding of it as a linguistic universal as all other propriatives both purely for theoretical reasons and in terms of functioning in a separate text, the studied language units may vary in the aspect of a clear assignment to one named group of vocabulary. From a stylistic point of view, brandonyms are not endowed with superpowerful properties of creating some sublime or lyrical intonation of the text, but have considerable potential to help achieve the goal of literary style – to reproduce the socio-temporal color of the described events and phenomena – and journalistic – providing voluntative function, and to act as a dominant of linguistic ambivalence.

The Englishisation of personal names in Nigeria

Naming is a linguistic universal. Every known human society distinguishes and individuates its members by their names. In the context of Africa and beyond, names are not just ordinary labels for the identification of their bearers; they mirror the culture, tradition and worldview of the people. Essien (1986: 5) argues that ‘naming is not an arbitrary affair, it is at once a mental, an emotional, a linguistic and a cultural matter’. It is widely believed that names and naming can influence the personality development and behaviour of their bearers. This claim justifies Camden's (1984: 43) admonition that ‘names should be chosen with good and gracious significations to inspire the bearer to good action’. This implies that people are assumed to live according to the message contained in their names. Significantly, names also embed deep cultural insights that reflect their bearers’ social lives, philosophy, religion, emotions and worldview. African names, for instance, are important cultural and symbolic resources that reflect the peculiarities of the African people, and capture their beliefs, values, identity and personality.

A reappraisal of dependency length minimization as a linguistic universal

Dependency length minimization is widely regarded as a cross-linguistic universal capturing syntactic complexity in natural languages. A typical way to operationalize dependency length in corpus-based studies is to count the number of words between syntactically related words. However, such a formulation ignores the syntactic nature of the linguistic material that intervenes the dependency. We present a cross-linguistic corpus study to argue that the number of syntactic heads (rather than words) that intervene a dependency better captures the syntactic complexity across languages. We demonstrate that the dependency length minimization constraint in terms of number of words is a consequence of constraints on intervening heads and tree properties such as arity. The current study shows that when syntactically related words are non-adjacent, increased structure building in the intervening region is avoided.

Classification of text units with the semantics of references in Russian language system

We consider the main qualification features of text units with the semantics of reference to participants in the communicative Russian speech space, taking into account lexical and gram-matical ways of expression. This allows us to determine their differential features and classifica-tion types, reflecting the dynamics in the formation of references in the system of the modern Russian language. We pay special attention to references of different forms, which not only represent the speaker’s attitude to the object of speech, characterize it, but also enhance imagery and emotionality, give us an idea of the author as a linguistic person. We emphasize that conversion should be considered a linguistic universal. It serves the organization and regulation of communication relations. The choice of a particular form of reference reflects the attitude towards the interlocutor, conditioned by a variety of factors. That is why conversion is a socially important component of dialogical speech. We determine the main parameters of the semantic, grammatical and functional features of references based on the materials of linguistic research, as well as the prospects for scientific research in this direction. A survey is conducted on the use of certain forms of references strangers among students of the Derzhavin Tambov State University. Questions related to their perception of the most frequent references in the modern Russian language are proposed. We establish that in modern Russian there is a problem when references a stranger.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SHERPA AND NEPALI LANGUAGE ON THE BASIS OF CASE

Sherpa language spoken by Sherpas, the inhabitants of Himalayan region, falls on Tibeto-Burman language family. While comparing the case grammar of Sherpa language and Nepali language both have similarly types of case and case marker (Bibhakti). Sherpa Subjective case takes ki suffix as case marker and Nepali case takes [le]. Sherpa objective case takes la suffix as case marker and Nepali case takes [lai]. Instrumental case takes ki/gi] suffix as case marker in sherpa and Nepali case takes le/ ba;ta. Dative case take la: as case marker in Sherpa and Nepali case takes [lai]. Ablative case takes tja:su as case marker in Sherpa and Nepali case takes [ba:ta/ ᵭekhi]. Locative case takes la: as case marker in Sherpa and Nepali case takes [ma] and possessive case takes ki as case marker in Sherpa and Nepali case takes[ ro/ no/ ko]. Sherpa language and Nepali language are similar on the basis of case grammar study. The sentence structure in Sherpa language is different from Nepali language. There is no gender system in this language. Verbs are not changed on the basis of number either. SPECIAL WORDS: Tibeto-Burman, Sambhota Script, Kham, tan, Linguistic Universal.

ПСИХОЛОГО-КОМУНІКАТИВНИЙ ПОТЕНЦІАЛ НЕПРЯМОСПОНУКАЛЬНИХ ВИСЛОВЛЕНЬ

In the abstract the incentive is interpreted both as a psycholinguistic concept and a linguistic universal category; the components of the linguistic model and the functional structure of the incentive act are defined. The bidirection of the act of volition is emphasized. The volition (incentive) is identified as a kind of mental, speech activity, as a set of certain actions conditioned and motivated by the inner state of the speaker. The incentive action is aimed at meeting the communicators’ needs and takes into account their interests. The example of vocative utterances shows how and under what conditions in specific communicative situations they are able to express an incentive modality. Linguistic means of enhancing the emotionally-expressive colouring of vocative utterances of incentive modality determined by the tasks of speech action are considered. It is established that the focus on the positive result of the incentive foresees the obligatory accounting of distinguished or assumed background knowledge, the usage of the single sign system for encoding and decoding information, conventions, communicative situation, etc.

TERMINOLOGICAL SYNONYMY, ANTONYMY AND PARONYMY IN THE ENGLISH TERMS OF COSMETOLOGY AND AESTHETIC MEDICINE

Purpose. The article reveals the features of synonymy, paronymy and antonymy in the English terminology of cosmetology and aesthetic medicine, considers their functioning, and describes the dynamics of the prominent characteristics of these semantic processes.Methodology. The research material consisted of 1000 English terms of cosmetology and aesthetic medicine selected from the relevant English professional texts (scientific articles and didactic materials). The research is methodologically based on the systemic-structural approach, which enables synchronous analysis of language phenomena based on the connections and relationships between linguistic elements. The analysis of paradigmatic relations of the terminology was based on the principles of semantic field and thematic organization of terms. Descriptive and comparative methods were also applied.Results. A review of the literature confirmed the existence of multi-vector views on synonymy in terminology. The sources of synonyms in the terminology of cosmetology and aesthetic medicine are disclosed. The semantic and functional criteria of synonymy in the terminology are described, and the synonymous series available in it are revealed.The manifestation of antonymous relations as a regular principle of naming concepts with opposite meaning is clarified, and the differences between word-forming and lexical antonymy in the terminology of cosmetology and aesthetic medicine are shown. The use of paronyms is analyzed, and it is emphasized that a slight difference in spelling and pronunciation leads to incorrect replacement of one word with another and loss of information.Conclusions. The analysis of lexical and semantic features of terminology of cosmetology and aesthetic medicine has shown that synonymy and antonymy are common phenomena manifested on the lexical-semantic, derivational and stylistic levels. Each of theseypes of paradigmatic relations contributes to the development and enrichment of terminology of cosmetology and aesthetic medicine. As for paronymy, it is a linguistic universal that cannot be avoided despite the fact that it contradicts the principles of professional communication. This vision of the role of synonymy, antonymy and paronymy is generally consistent with the observations and conclusions of researchers who conducted similar studies in related terminological systems.Key words: semantic relations, systematic language, paradigmatic relations, term, lexical-semantic relations. Мета. Метою статті було розкриття особливостей синонімії, паронімії і антонімії в англійській термінології косметології та естетичної медицини, розгляд їх функціонування, опис динаміки провідних характеристик цих семантичних процесів.Методи. Матеріалом дослідження послугували 1 000 англійських термінів косметології та естетичної медицини, відібраних з відповідних англійських фахових текстів (наукових статей та науково-дидактичних матеріалів). Дослідження методологічно ґрунтується на системно-структурному підході, який дозволяє здійснювати синхронний аналіз мовних явищ на основі зв’язків і відношень між мовними елементами. Аналіз парадигматичних відношень термінології відбувався на основі принципів семантичного поля та тематичної організації термінопонять. Було також застосовано описовий та порівняльний методи.Результати. Здійснений огляд літератури підтвердив існування різновекторних поглядів на синонімію в термінології. Визначено джерела поповнення синонімів у термінології косметології та естетичної медицини. Описані семантичні і функці-ональні критерії синонімії в зазначеній термінології, виявлені наявні в ній синонімічні ряди.З’ясований вияв антонімічних відношень як регулярного принципу найменувань понять з протилежним значенням, показано відмінності між словотвірною і лексичною антонімією в термінології косметології та естетичної медицини. Проаналі-зовано використання паронімів та підкреслено, що незначна відмінність у написанні і вимові призводить до неправильної заміни одного слова іншим та втрати інформації.Висновки. Проведений аналіз лексико-семантичних особливостей косметології та естетичної медицини показав, що сино-німія і антонімія є у ній поширеними явищами, які маніфестуються на лексико-семантичному, дериваційному та стилістич-ному рівнях. Кожний з цих типів парадигматичних відношень сприяє розвитку і збагаченню термінології. Щодо паронімії, то вона є мовною універсалією, якої неможливо уникнути, попри те, що вона суперечить принципам фахового спілкування. Таке бачення ролі синонімії, антонімії та паронімії в термінології косметології та естетичної медицини загалом узгоджується зі спостереженнями та висновками дослідників цих явищ в споріднених або близьких за тематикою терміносистемах.Ключові слова: семантичні відношення, системність мови, парадигматичні відношення, термін, лексико-семантичні відношення.

A functionalist typology of redundancy

Syntagmatic redundancy involves the multiple expressions of a single meaning within a phrase or clause. It is often claimed to be a linguistic universal that serves to facilitate expressivity, processing, and learnability. However, there is little empirical evidence supporting this theory. This paper combines a typological study of concord, a form of syntagmatic redundancy in which a lexical and a grammatical item with overlapping meanings are expressed in the same phrase or clause, with a functional analysis of concord. The purpose of the study was to find out if redundancy is indeed universal or whether there are cross-linguistic restrictions. The goal of the functional analysis was to provide better understanding of what motivates different forms of redundancy. Reference grammars of a 50-language variety sample were analyzed for the existence and communicative functions of four types of concord. The results show that argument concord and temporal concord are nearly universal, whereas only a subset of languages allow for negative concord and plural concord. Two functional principles are shown to motivate concord: the need to be precise, and the need to emphasize crucial information. These principles lead to distinct types of redundancy: The need to be precise results in accidental redundancy in the case of an obligatory grammatical marker, whereas the need to emphasize information invokes purposeful redundancy. The two types of redundancy are shown to be fundamentally distinct in their communicative nature as well as their characteristic diachronic development.

The Concept of Telicity in English, Romanian and Serbian

Given that the notion of telicity was simply defined by English linguists as a situation which tends towards a goal, this paper will additionally explain and define telicity in the English language. Moreover, the issue of telicity in the Serbian and Romanian relevant linguistic literature has been scarcely analysed. This paper aims to ascertain and define telicity as an indispensable semantic characteristic of Serbian and Romanian verbs. Since the paper proves that the concept of telicity can be detected in languages other than English, telicity can and should be considered a linguistic universal.