Defining Food Safety Inspection

Food safety inspections are a key health protection measure applied by governments to prevent foodborne illness, yet they remain the subject of sustained criticism. These criticisms include inconsistency and inadequacy of methods applied to inspection, and ineffectiveness in preventing foodborne illness. Investigating the validity of these criticisms represent important areas for further research. However, a defined construct around the meanings society attributes to food safety inspection must first be established. Through critical examination of available literature, this review identified meanings attributed to food safety inspection and explicates some of the key elements that compose food safety inspection as a social construct. A total of 18 meanings were found to be attributed to food safety inspection. Variation in meanings were found between consumers, food business associates and food safety inspectors. For some, inspection meant a source of assurance, for others a threat to fairness, while most view inspection as a product of resources and inspector training. The meanings were then examined in light of common criticisms directed at food safety inspection, to expound their influence in how food safety inspection is realized, shaped, and rationalized. This review highlights the influence of sociological factors in defining food safety inspection.

Study on Representation of Gender in Indian Print Media: A Semiotic Analysis of Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) Advertisements

The categorisation of gender into femininity and masculinity is purely a social construct. Advertising is a social institution which plays a significant role in the promotion of notions of gender identities at a symbolic level (Gilbert and Taylor, 1991). The purpose of this study is to understand the manifestation of masculinity and femininity in contemporary Indian print advertisements of popular Fast Moving Consumer Goods(FMCG). This study uses the theory of visual social semiotics for the analysis adopting the framework propounded by Gunther Kress and Theo Van Leeuwen (1996;2006). The representational and interactive dimensions from the framework will be used for the analysis of the advertisements. This will be further thematised to understand the nature of the representation of masculinity and femininity in them. It will also provide an insight into the relationship between the viewers and participants of these advertisements. The data for the current study includes three popular Indian magazine advertisements of FMCG products published between the years 2019-2020, selected using a purposive sampling technique.

Acts of Becoming

This article examines the rich historical subtext in the future-focused storylines of Quantic Dream’s 2018 release Detroit: Become Human (PS4) and illuminates many of the thematic continuities in racial issues between the past and the future. Much of the subtle historical symbolism appears to have went unnoticed by many reviewers who maligned the videogame and its creator David Cage for relying on lazy tropes that clunkily connect the African American civil rights movement to the narrative of woke androids engaging in a struggle for greater equality in society. Following scholarship that has examined the development of racialized thought in the past, this essay recognizes “race” as a powerful, yet malleable social construct, that sometimes changes over time. Racial concepts in the game do not perfectly align with historical or contemporary understandings of “race” in the United States. Androids, in short, all belong to the same “race.” This article then contends that the storylines of all three playable characters in the game resonate with well-crafted historical parallels and that the narrative geography in the gameworld often closely tethers to the historical geography of Detroit. The characters Markus, Connor, and Kara have intertwining stories that represent different elements of minority life in the United States with the clearest parallels to the historical experience of African Americans. Detroit: Become Human, nonetheless, is a science fiction game about androids. Framing the struggle for equal rights in the future with a group of beings that do not yet exist has the potential to disarm gameplayers of latent biases that may otherwise color their view of contemporary racial issues. The article asserts that the wedding together of past and future through experiential gameplay nurtures an empathic understanding of minority concerns that may carry over to the present to impact understandings of contemporary racial issues.

Therapeutic Alliance in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy in Child and Adolescent Mental Health-Current Trends and Future Challenges

This extended literature review proposes to present the trends in the therapeutic alliance, outcomes, and measures in the last decade within the premises of individual cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) and its innovations, used as an interventional measure in the context of child and adolescent mental health setting. A brief background of the rationale for conducting this literature search is presented at the start. This is followed by the methodology and design which incorporates the inclusion and exclusion criteria and the basis for the same. The critical appraisal of the primary studies is presented in the literature review section with a brief description of the summary features of the studies in the study tables followed by the results and discussion of the study findings. To summarise, the literature review of primary studies conducted in the last decade demonstrates the need for further research to be conducted both in the field of CBT in children and therapeutic alliance, competence, and therapy outcomes, integrating perspectives in child development, carer alliance, and the social construct theory in children, to allow for further innovations in CBT in the context of increasing challenges in the current times of exponentially developing technology and its utility without compromising the quality of therapy. In conclusion, recommendations are made as a guideline for future studies and research in this field.

Conditions of Network Engagement

There is growing research interest in innovation network dynamics. Based on an explorative case study of a regional innovation network for the tourism industry, this chapter contributes to a better understanding of network engagement as a dynamic and social construct. By following the microfoundational trend, the chapter anchors the concept of engagement at a lower level in order to increase the depth of understanding of the conditions of network engagement. As there are many different notions of engagement, the chapters start by providing an overview of the different notions of engagement in innovation and network literature. Then, inspired by the critical incident technique, a narrative presents the findings, showing the dynamic and social aspect of network engagement, followed by a discussion of the conditions of network engagement and theoretical contributions.

Disability as a Social Justice Imperative

Educators in the United States have the legal obligation to ensure that students with disabilities are given equitable access to an education. Under the Individuals with Education Act (2004), Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act (1973), and the Americans with Disabilities Act (1990), individuals with disabilities cannot be discriminated against based on their disability and must be provided the same educational opportunities as their non-disabled counterparts. While most teacher preparation programs as well as educators in higher education are knowledgeable of these laws, there is a striking absence of learning about the historical implication of segregation, abuse, and maltreatment of individuals with disabilities that led to these laws being enacted. Most teacher preparation programs do not teach future educators about the history regarding disability rights and the social construct of disability. This chapter will present the major theoretical and historical movements in the disability rights movement, as well as the practical implications for educators today.

Historical identity in the coordinate system of world development

The purpose of the article is to conceptualize the phenomena of «ethnic» and «national» identity and to determine the vectors of their development. Research methods are based on the fundamental principles of historical and cultural analysis. The methodological core of the research is a comparative analysis of ethnic and national identities in the chronotype as complex sociocultural systems. The scientific novelty lies in the conceptualization of the ethnonational identity dichotomy through the prism of the cultural code. It is substantiated that in the conditions of modern modernization, the ratio between the ethnic and national components of identity depends on the direction of their development vectors: a) when the vectors are parallel and equally oriented (for example, one of the ethnic communities monopolizes power), there is a reduction of national identity to ethnic one; b) when the vectors are parallel, but oppositely oriented (for example, when an ethnic community seeks to recognize its right to political self-determination), national identity collides with the interests of the ethnic community, entering into confrontation with it. Conclusions. Within the framework of constructivism, the phenomenon of ethnic identity is analyzed as a social construct and the factors of deviation from this model are revealed (in particular, adaptation to the environment, acculturation, violation of the demographic balance between different groups), causing its variability. The systemic characteristics and the main conceptual components of national identity (internal and external) are analyzed, factors of the weakening of social ties due to the processes of globalization, the growth of entropy, and information expansion in society are identified. Typical models of interaction of ethnic and national identities are considered. Keywords: ethnic identity, national identity, cultural code, ethnos, nation.

Juventude Juventudes: dos contornos sobre o conceito às implicações de um programa socioeducativo

Estudo qualitativo que se utiliza de dados quantitativos, inicialmente realiza reflexão sobre o fenômeno juventude, a partir da visão de estudiosos preocupados com a problemática. Ressalta a visão sociológica do conceito advogada por Bourdieu (1983), Margulis e Urresti, (1996), Sposito (2000, 2002), passando pela defesa de Peralva (1997) e Dayrell (2007). Confirma que, juventude é um conceito socialmente construído, portanto, influenciado por condições materiais, históricas e políticas. Situa a juventude pesquisada como parte daquela que pertence aos estratos sociais mais baixos, evidenciando assim a conjuntura e dados que se articulam com o referencial discutido, o qual fornece elementos para localizá-la como uma entre as várias juventudes existentes no contexto estudado, com o fito de identificar a condição juvenil dos egressos do ProJovem em estudo. Objetiva ainda apurar as implicações do programa no que se refere à continuação dos estudos e ao acesso às oportunidades de trabalho, finalidades estabelecidas pelo ProJovem, para os jovens que o frequentam. Em relação à metodologia deste trabalho, participaram da pesquisa 74 egressos, e foram realizados grupos focais e aplicação de questionário como instrumental de pesquisa. O resultado do estudo conclui que os jovens pesquisados não dispõem de moratória social, mas carregam em si a condição de juventude construída em torno deles e que, a despeito de inúmeras variáveis contextuais, o ProJovem contribuiu para que os egressos prosseguissem os estudos, embora estejam inseridos em trabalho considerados de menor valor social.Palavras-chave: Condição de juventude; Construto social; Prosseguimento da escolarização.Youth Youths: from the contours about the concept to the implications of a socio-educational programABSTRACTQualitative study that uses quantitative data, reflects on the phenomenon of youth, from the perspective of scholars concerned with the issue. It highlights the sociological view of the concept advocated by Bourdieu (1983), Margulis; Urresti, (1996), Sposito (2000/2002), passing through the defense of Peralva (1997) and Dayrell (2007). It confirms that youth is a socially constructed concept, therefore, influenced by material, historical and political conditions. It places the researched youth as the part that belongs to the lowest social strata, thus evidencing the situation and data that articulate with the discussed framework, which provides elements to locate it as one among the various youths existing in the studied context, with the aim of identifying the youth condition of the ProJovem graduates under study. It also aims to investigate the implications of the program with regard to the continuation of studies and access to work opportunities, purposes established by ProJovem, for the young people who attend it. Regarding the methodology of this work, 74 graduates participated in the research, and focus groups and a questionnaire were applied as research tools. The result of the study concludes that the young people surveyed do not have a social moratorium, but carry within themselves the condition of youth built around them and that, despite numerous contextual variables, PROJOVEM contributed to the graduates continuing their studies, even though they are inserted in work considered of lesser social value.Keywords: Status of youth; Social construct; Continuation of schooling.Juventud Juventudes: de los contornos del concepto a las implicaciones de un programa socioeducativoRESUMENEstudio cualitativo que utiliza datos cuantitativos, inicialmente reflexiona sobre el fenómeno de la juventud, desde la perspectiva de los estudiosos preocupados com el tema. Enfatiza la visión sociológica del concepto defendida por Bourdieu (1983), Margulis; Urresti, (1996), Sposito (2000/2002), pasando por la defensa de Peralva (1997) y Dayrell (2007). Confirma que la juventud es un concepto construido socialmente, por lo tanto, influenciado por las condiciones materiales, históricas y políticas. Sitúa a los jóvenes investigados como parte de aquellos que pertenecen a los estratos sociales más bajos, evidenciando así la situación y los datos que se articulan con el tema discutido, lo que brinda elementos para ubicarlos como um grupo a más entre los diversos jóvenes existentes en el contexto estudiado, con el fin de identificar la condición juvenil de los egresados del Projovem en estudio. También tiene como objetivo investigar las implicaciones del programa en cuanto a la continuación de estudios y el acceso a oportunidades laborales, fines establecidos por el ProJovem, para los jóvenes que de él participan. En cuanto a la metodología de este trabajo, 74 egresados participaron de la investigación, y se aplicaron grupos focales y un cuestionario como herramientas de investigación. El resultado del estudio concluye que los jóvenes estudiados no tienen una moratoria social, sino que llevan consigo la condición de juventud construida en torno a ellos y que, a pesar de numerosas variables contextuales, el ProJovem contribuyó para que los egresados continuaran sus estudios, a pesar de estar inseridos en trabajos considerados de menor valor social. Palabras clave: Situación de la juventud; Construcción social; Búsqueda de la escolarización.

Health promotion for immigrant mothers of children with developmental disabilities: Towards a transformative approach

Background: High societal expectations that involve idealized and labour-intensive mothering are a source of stress, anxiety, guilt and frustration for women. Immigrant mothers caring for children with developmental disabilities are disproportionately burdened with health inequities. Study goals: The overall goal of our study was to examine health promotion practices of immigrant mothers with children with developmental disabilities using the Health Promotion Activities Scale (HPAS). Methods: Twenty-eight mothers of children with developmental disabilities were interviewed using the HPAS. A grounded theory approach was utilized to analyze the qualitative data. Results: Immigrant mothers of children with developmental disabilities’ engagement in health promoting activities is influenced by their role as primary caregivers, the gendered nature of mothering, non-Western views on health promotion, mothers’ burden from inequities and structural barriers pertaining to funding, disability, and migration status. The responses on the HPAS also underscore motherhood as a social construct with embedded assumptions and social expectations related to role and responsibilities that requires them to be “good” mothers. Discussion and Conclusion: There is need to incorporate transformative health promotion approaches in research and practice that consider mothers’ multicultural contexts. The intersections of motherhood, disability, gendered role expectations and migration need to be taken into account.

Hearing Parents’ Voices: Parental Refusal of Cochlear Implants and the Zone of Parental Discretion

It has been forty years since the first multi-channel cochlear implant was used in Australia. While heralded in the hearing world as one of the greatest inventions in modern medicine, not everyone reflects on this achievement with enthusiasm. For many people in the Deaf community, they see the cochlear implant as a tool that reinforces a social construct that pathologizes deafness and removes Deaf identity. In this paper, I set out the main arguments for and against cochlear implantation. While I conclude that, on balance, cochlear implants improve the well-being and broaden the open futures of deaf children, this does not justify mandating implants in circumstances where parents refuse them because this may compound unintended harms when society interferes in the parent-child relationship. For this reason, I argue that parental refusal of cochlear implantation falls within Gillam’s concept of the zone of parental discretion.