Disparities by Gender and Race/Ethnicity in Child Maltreatment and Memory Performance

Adverse childhood experiences, which include child maltreatment, are a major public health issue nationally. Child maltreatment has been linked to poorer cognitive functioning, which can start in childhood and persist into adulthood. However, studies examining the potential disparities by gender and race/ethnicity are lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the gender and racial/ethnic disparities in the association between child maltreatment and memory performance. Data were obtained from Waves III and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health ( N = 11,624). Weighted multiple linear regression models were used to assess the associations between sexual abuse, physical abuse, neglect, and child maltreatment score and memory. Models were stratified by gender, race, and ethnicity. Men who were exposed to sexual abuse, neglect and two or three child maltreatment types scored one to three points lower (β = –1.44; 95% CI: –2.83, –0.06; β = –2.41; 95% CI: –3.75, –1.08; β = –3.35; 95% CI: –5.33, –1.37; β = –2.31; 95% CI: –3.75, –0.86) in memory performance compared to men who did not report sexual abuse, neglect, or child maltreatment, respectively. Black respondents who were exposed to sexual abuse scored two points lower (β = –1.62; 95% CI: –2.80, –0.44) in memory performance compared to Black respondents who did not report sexual abuse. Among Other race and Hispanic respondents, those who reported neglect scored four points lower (β = –4.06; 95% CI: –6.47, –1.66; β = –4.15; 95% CI: –5.99, –2.30) in memory performance, respectively, compared to their counterparts who did not report neglect. Gender- and racial/ethnic-responsive memory performance interventions addressing child maltreatment may be beneficial for affected populations.

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Recent trends in US mortality in early and middle adulthood: racial/ethnic disparities in inter-cohort patterns

International Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/ije/dyy255 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 934-944 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Emma Zang ◽

Hui Zheng ◽

Yang Claire Yang ◽

Kenneth C Land

Keyword(s):

Baby Boomers ◽

Ethnic Disparities ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Mortality Trends ◽

Mortality Pattern ◽

Drug Poisoning ◽

Gender And Race ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Racial Ethnic ◽

Hispanic White

Abstract Background A striking increase in the all-cause mortality of US middle-aged non-Hispanic Whites in the past two decades has been documented by previous studies. The inter-cohort patterns in US mortality, as well as their racial/ethnic disparities, are still unclear. Methods Using official mortality data, we study US annual mortality rates for ages 25–54 from 1990 to 2016 by gender and race/ethnicity. We conduct an age-period-cohort analysis to disentangle the period and cohort forces driving the absolute changes in mortality across cohorts. Nine leading causes of death are also explored to explain the inter-cohort mortality patterns and their racial/ethnic disparities. Results We find cohort-specific elevated mortality trends for gender- and race/ethnicity-specific populations. For non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics, Baby Boomers have increased mortality trends compared with other cohorts. For non-Hispanic White females, it is late-Gen Xers and early-Gen Yers for whom the mortality trends are higher than other cohorts. For non-Hispanic White males, the elevated mortality pattern is found for Baby Boomers, late-Gen Xers, and early-Gen Yers. The mortality pattern among Baby Boomers is at least partially driven by mortality related to drug poisoning, suicide, external causes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and HIV/AIDS for all race and gender groups affected. The elevated mortality patterns among late-Gen Xers and early-Gen Yers are at least partially driven by mortality related to drug poisonings and alcohol-related diseases for non-Hispanic Whites. Differential patterns of drug poisoning-related mortality play an important role in the racial/ethnic disparities in these mortality patterns. Conclusions We find substantial racial/ethnic disparities in inter-cohort mortality patterns. Our findings also point to the unique challenges faced by younger generations.

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Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Years of Potential Life Lost Attributable to COVID-19 in the United States: An Analysis of 45 States and the District of Columbia

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18062921 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 2921

Author(s):

Jay J. Xu ◽

Jarvis T. Chen ◽

Thomas R. Belin ◽

Ronald S. Brookmeyer ◽

Marc A. Suchard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

District Of Columbia ◽

Ethnic Disparities ◽

The United States ◽

Attributable Mortality ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Using Data ◽

Rate Ratios ◽

Degree Of Association ◽

Racial Ethnic

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in the United States has disproportionately impacted communities of color across the country. Focusing on COVID-19-attributable mortality, we expand upon a national comparative analysis of years of potential life lost (YPLL) attributable to COVID-19 by race/ethnicity (Bassett et al., 2020), estimating percentages of total YPLL for non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, non-Hispanic Asians, and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Natives, contrasting them with their respective percent population shares, as well as age-adjusted YPLL rate ratios—anchoring comparisons to non-Hispanic Whites—in each of 45 states and the District of Columbia using data from the National Center for Health Statistics as of 30 December 2020. Using a novel Monte Carlo simulation procedure to perform estimation, our results reveal substantial racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19-attributable YPLL across states, with a prevailing pattern of non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics experiencing disproportionately high and non-Hispanic Whites experiencing disproportionately low COVID-19-attributable YPLL. Furthermore, estimated disparities are generally more pronounced when measuring mortality in terms of YPLL compared to death counts, reflecting the greater intensity of the disparities at younger ages. We also find substantial state-to-state variability in the magnitudes of the estimated racial/ethnic disparities, suggesting that they are driven in large part by social determinants of health whose degree of association with race/ethnicity varies by state.

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A Life Course Approach to Inequality: Examining Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Relationship between Early Life Socioeconomic Conditions and Health in Later Life Among Men

Ethnicity & Disease ◽

10.18865/ed.25.3.313 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 313 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Taylor W. Hargrove, MA ◽

Tyson H. Brown, PhD

Keyword(s):

Life Course ◽

Mexican American ◽

White Men ◽

Later Life ◽

Adult Health ◽

Socioeconomic Conditions ◽

Growth Curve Models ◽

Life Course Approach ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Racial Ethnic

Objective: Previous research has documented a relationship between childhood socioeconomic conditions and adult health, but less is known about racial/ethnic differences in this relationship, particularly among men. This study utilizes a life course approach to investigate racial/ethnic differences in the relationships among early and later life socioeconomic circumstances and health in adulthood among men.Design: Panel data from the Health and Retirement Study and growth curve models are used to examine group differences in the relationships among childhood and adult socioeconomic factors and age-trajectories of self-rated health among White, Black and Mexican American men aged 51-77 years (N=4147).Results: Multiple measures of childhood socioeconomic status (SES) predict health in adulthood for White men, while significantly fewer measures of childhood SES predict health for Black and Mexican American men. Moreover, the health consequences of childhood SES diminish with age for Black and Mexican American men. The childhood SES-adult health relationship is largely explained by measures of adult SES for White men.Conclusion: The life course pathways linking childhood SES and adult health differ by race/ethnicity among men. Similar to arguments that the universality of the adult SES-health relationship should not be assumed, results from our study suggest that scholars should not assume that the significance and nature of the association between childhood SES and health in adulthood is similar across race/ethnicity among men. Ethn Dis.2015;25(3):313-320.

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Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Influenza Vaccination Coverage Among US Adolescents, 2010-2016

Public Health Reports ◽

10.1177/0033354918805720 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 133 (6) ◽

pp. 667-676 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Noah S. Webb ◽

Benjamin Dowd-Arrow ◽

Miles G. Taylor ◽

Amy M. Burdette

Keyword(s):

Influenza Vaccination ◽

Vaccination Coverage ◽

Black Adolescents ◽

Ethnic Disparities ◽

White Adolescents ◽

Hispanic Adolescents ◽

Vaccination Rates ◽

Targeted Interventions ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Racial Ethnic

Objective: Although research suggests racial/ethnic disparities in influenza vaccination and mortality rates, few studies have examined racial/ethnic trends among US adolescents. We used national cross-sectional data to determine (1) trends in influenza vaccination rates among non-Hispanic white (hereinafter, white), non-Hispanic black (hereinafter, black), and Hispanic adolescents over time and (2) whether influenza vaccination rates among adolescents varied by race/ethnicity. Methods: We analyzed provider-reported vaccination histories for 2010-2016 from the National Immunization Survey–Teen. We used binary logistic regression models to determine trends in influenza vaccination rates by race/ethnicity for 117 273 adolescents, adjusted for sex, age, health insurance, physician visit in the previous 12 months, vaccination facility type, poverty status, maternal education level, children in the household, maternal marital status, maternal age, and census region of residence. We calculated adjusted probabilities for influenza vaccination for each racial/ethnic group, adjusted for the same demographic characteristics. Results: Compared with white adolescents, Hispanic adolescents had higher odds (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-1.16) and black adolescents had lower odds (aOR = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.90-1.00) of vaccination. Compared with white adolescents, Hispanic adolescents had significantly higher adjusted probabilities of vaccination for 2011-2013 (2011: 0.22, P < .001; 2012: 0.23, P < .001; 2013: 0.26, P < .001). Compared with white adolescents, black adolescents had significantly lower probabilities of vaccination for 2016 (2016: 0.21, P < .001). Conclusions: Targeted interventions are needed to improve adolescent influenza vaccination rates and reduce racial/ethnic disparities in adolescent vaccination coverage.

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Trends in breast cancer survival by race-ethnicity in Florida.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.e18556 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. e18556-e18556

Author(s):

Robert Brooks Hines ◽

Asal Johnson ◽

Eunkyung Lee ◽

Stephanie Erickson ◽

Saleh M.M. Rahman

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Ethnic Disparities ◽

Cancer Death ◽

Cancer Outcomes ◽

Subdistribution Hazard ◽

Breast Cancer Death ◽

Breast Cancer Outcomes ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Racial Ethnic ◽

Hispanic White

e18556 Background: Considerable efforts to improve disparities in breast cancer outcomes for underserved women have occurred over the past 3 decades. This study was conducted to evaluate trends in survival, by race-ethnicity, for women diagnosed with breast cancer in Florida over a 26-year period to assess potential improvement in racial-ethnic disparities. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in Florida between 1990-2015. Data were obtained from the Florida Cancer Data System. Women in the study were categorized according to race (white/black) and Hispanic ethnicity (yes/no) as non-Hispanic white (NHW), non-Hispanic black (NHB), Hispanic white (HW), and Hispanic black (HB). Cumulative incidence estimates of 5- and 10-year breast cancer death with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained by race-ethnicity, according to diagnosis year. Subdistribution hazard models were used to obtain subdistribution hazard ratios (sHR) for the relative rate of breast cancer death accounting for competing causes. Results: Compared to NHW women, minority women were more likely to be younger, be uninsured or have Medicaid as health insurance, live in high poverty neighborhoods, have more advanced disease at diagnosis, have high grade tumors, have hormone receptor negative tumors, and receive chemotherapy as treatment. Minority women were less likely to receive surgery. Over the course of the study, breast cancer mortality decreased for all racial-ethnic groups, and racial-ethnic minorities had greater absolute and relative improvement in breast cancer survival for nearly all metrics compared to non-Hispanic white (NHW) women. However, for the most recent time period (2010-2015), black women still experienced significant survival disparities with non-Hispanic black (NHB) women having twice the rate of 5-year (sHR = 2.04: 95% CI; 1.91-2.19) and 10-year (sHR = 2.02: 95% CI; 1.89-2.16) breast cancer death. Conclusions: Despite efforts to improve disparities in breast cancer outcomes for underserved women in Florida, additional targeted approaches are needed to reduce the poorer survival in black (especially NHB) women. Our next step is to conduct a mediation analysis of the most important factors driving racial/ethnic disparities in breast cancer outcomes for women in Florida.

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0377 A Strengths-Based Approach to Examine Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Black and White Patients

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.374 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. A144-A145

Author(s):

N J Williams ◽

M Butler ◽

J Roseus ◽

J Blanc ◽

A Barnes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Ethnic Differences ◽

Ethnic Disparities ◽

Sleep Diary ◽

Newly Diagnosed ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Obstructive Sleep ◽

Falling Asleep ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Insomnia Complaints

Abstract Introduction The majority of studies on race/ethnic disparities in OSA are derived from a deficit-based perspective (i.e. >BMI, non-adherence to PAP). It would prove useful to identify which aspects are protective to inform potential treatment approaches. We focused on two potential factors: resilience and social support, in patients newly diagnosed with OSA. Given the high prevalence of insomnia complaints in patients with OSA, insomnia was our outcome of interest. Methods 91 patients newly diagnosed with OSA provided demographic and socioeconomic status, sleep measures (Epworth, DBAS), resilience (Connor Davidson Resiliency Scale), social support (MOS Social Support Scale) and completed the Insomnia Severity Index. The cross-sectional associations between ISI, race/ethnicity, resilience, social support and their interaction effects were examined using linear regression models with covariate adjustment for participant age, sex and BMI. We ascertained total ISI score and individual items. Results The sample was 34.1% black (n=31), mean age of 57.6 years, SD=13.6, 64.8% male (n=59), and mean BMI of 32.4, SD=7.04. Mean sleep duration (as reported by sleep diary) was 6.64, SD=1.35. Black, white differences were not observed for sleepiness (M=8.60; 10.43, p=0.11) or DBAS (M=4.61; M=5.04, p=0.30). Blacks, reported clinically significant insomnia (M=15.00, SD=7.17) compared to whites (M=12.02, SD=6.83, p=0.05). On the individual ISI items, blacks were significantly more likely to endorse difficulty falling asleep (M=1.58, SD=1.54; M=0.75, SD=0.93,p=0.002) and waking up too early (M=2.09, SD=1.26; M=1.45, SD=0.93,p=0.021) compared to whites. Resilience (M=30.04, SD=6.42) and social support scores (M=74.13, SD=21.36) did not differ by race/ethnicity. In adjusted linear analysis, resilience had significant effect on ISI score (b=-0.36, SE=0.12, p=0.003) but not social support (b=-0.06, SE=0.08, p=0.31). Conclusion In this study we did not observe race/ethnic differences for sleepiness and dysfunctional beliefs about sleep. With respect to the protective factors, race/ethnic differences were not observed. Resilience, not social support, was related to insomnia complaints. Future studies should examine a variety of factors that may serve black and other racial/ethnic groups with OSA, and help elucidate protective processes. Support K23HL125939

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Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Mortality: Contributions and Variations by Rurality in the United States, 2012–2015

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16030436 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 436 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jeffrey Hall ◽

Ramal Moonesinghe ◽

Karen Bouye ◽

Ana Penman-Aguilar

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Ethnic Disparities ◽

The United States ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Malignant Neoplasms ◽

Ethnic Populations ◽

Asian Pacific Islanders ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Asian Pacific ◽

Racial Ethnic

The value of disaggregating non-metropolitan and metropolitan area deaths in illustrating place-based health effects is evident. However, how place interacts with characteristics such as race/ethnicity has been less firmly established. This study compared socioeconomic characteristics and age-adjusted mortality rates by race/ethnicity in six rurality designations and assessed the contributions of mortality rate disparities between non-Hispanic blacks (NHBs) and non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) in each designation to national disparities. Compared to NHWs, age-adjusted mortality rates for: (1) NHBs were higher for all causes (combined), heart disease, malignant neoplasms, and cerebrovascular disease; (2) American Indian and Alaska Natives were significantly higher for all causes in rural areas; (3) Asian Pacific islanders and Hispanics were either lower or not significantly different in all areas for all causes combined and all leading causes of death examined. The largest contribution to the U.S. disparity in mortality rates between NHBs and NHWs originated from large central metropolitan areas. Place-based variations in mortality rates and disparities may reflect resource, and access inequities that are often greater and have greater health consequences for some racial/ethnic populations than others. Tailored, systems level actions may help eliminate mortality disparities existing at intersections between race/ethnicity and place.

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Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Mammogram Frequency Among Women With Intellectual Disability

Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities ◽

10.1352/1934-9556-57.3.177 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 57 (3) ◽

pp. 177-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Evelyn Arana ◽

Amy Carroll-Scott ◽

Philip M. Massey ◽

Nora L. Lee ◽

Ann C. Klassen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intellectual Disability ◽

Black Women ◽

Medical Record ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

White Women ◽

Ethnic Disparities ◽

Medical Record Data ◽

Record Data ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Racial Ethnic

Abstract Little information exists on the associations between intellectual disability (ID) and race/ethnicity on mammogram frequency. This study collected survey and medical record data to examine this relationship. Results indicated that Hispanic and Black women with ID were more likely than White women with ID to have mammograms every 2 years. Participants who live in a state-funded residence, were aged 50+, and had a mild or moderate level of ID impairment were more likely to undergo mammography compared to participants living with family or alone, were <50, and had severe ID impairment. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms explaining disparities in mammograms between these racial/ethnic groups.

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Military Cohorts, Substance Use, and Male-Perpetrated Intimate Partner Violence

Violence Against Women ◽

10.1177/1077801219893475 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 107780121989347

Author(s):

Roberto Cancio

Keyword(s):

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Substance Use ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Military Families ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Adult Health ◽

National Longitudinal Study ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

The Impact ◽

Racial Ethnic

This study considers variations of intimate partner violence (IPV) from the point of the perpetrator to test the impact of demographic factors on the type of IPV most prevalent among pre-9/11 and post-9/11 military families from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (1994–2008): Waves I and IV in-home interviews ( N = 499). Study findings indicate that the perpetration of physical and sexual IPV depends on the context of veteran cohort and race/ethnicity. Models for substance use and IPV patterns were not similar across military cohorts and/or racial/ethnic groups.

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Infant Mortality among Adolescent Mothers in the United States: A 5-Year Analysis of Racial and Ethnic Disparities

American Journal of Perinatology ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1714678 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Matthew D. Moore ◽

Anne E. Brisendine ◽

Martha S. Wingate

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Preterm Birth ◽

Infant Mortality ◽

Ethnic Disparities ◽

The United States ◽

Racial And Ethnic Disparities ◽

Postneonatal Mortality ◽

Maternal Characteristics ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Racial Ethnic

Objective This study was aimed to examine differences in infant mortality outcomes across maternal age subgroups less than 20 years in the United States with a specific focus on racial and ethnic disparities. Study Design Using National Center for Health Statistics cohort-linked live birth–infant death files (2009-2013) in this cross-sectional study, we calculated descriptive statistics by age (<15, 15–17, and 18–19 years) and racial/ethnic subgroups (non-Hispanic white [NHW], non-Hispanic black [NHB], and Hispanic) for infant, neonatal, and postneonatal mortality. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were calculated by race/ethnicity and age. Preterm birth and other maternal characteristics were included as covariates. Results Disparities were greatest for mothers <15 and NHB mothers. The risk of infant mortality among mothers <15 years compared to 18 to 19 years was higher regardless of race/ethnicity (NHW: aOR = 1.40, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06–1.85; NHB: aOR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.04–1.56; Hispanic: aOR = 1.36, 95%CI: 1.07–1.74). Compared to NHW mothers, NHB mothers had a consistently higher risk of infant mortality (15–17 years: aOR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.03–1.21; 18–19 years: aOR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.15–1.27), while Hispanic mothers had a consistently lower risk (15–17 years: aOR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.66–0.78; 18–19 years: aOR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.70–0.78). Adjusting for preterm birth had a greater influence than maternal characteristics on observed group differences in mortality. For neonatal and postneonatal mortality, patterns of disparities based on age and race/ethnicity differed from those of overall infant mortality. Conclusion Although infants born to younger mothers were at increased risk of mortality, variations by race/ethnicity and timing of death existed. When adjusted for preterm birth, differences in risk across age subgroups declined and, for some racial/ethnic groups, disappeared. Key Points

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