Methods of Calculating the Marginal Cost of Incarceration: A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 088740342110603
Author(s):  
Stuart John Wilson ◽  
Jocelyne Lemoine
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Marginal Cost ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Evaluation Policy ◽  
Marginal Costs ◽  
Cost Calculations ◽  
Cost Forecasting

Criminal justice reforms and corrections cost forecasts require appropriate estimates of the marginal costs of incarceration to adequately assess cost savings and projections. Average costs are simple to calculate while marginal cost calculations require much more detailed data and advanced methods. We undertook a scoping review to identify, report, and summarize the existing academic and gray literature covering the different estimation methods of calculating the marginal costs of incarceration, following the Arksey and O’Malley framework. Eighteen publications met criteria for inclusion in this review, with only one from the peer-reviewed literature. The three main approaches in the literature and their use are reviewed and illustrated. We conclude that there is a lack of, and need for, peer-reviewed literature on methods for calculating the marginal cost of incarceration, and marginal cost estimates of incarceration, to assist program evaluation, policy, and cost forecasting in the field of corrections.

Unequal Treatment of Identical Agents in Cournot Equilibrium

1999 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W Salant ◽  
Greg Shaffer
Keyword(s):  
Marginal Cost ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Cournot Equilibrium ◽  
Unequal Treatment ◽  
Marginal Costs ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Antitrust Regulation

Oligopoly models where prior actions by firms affect subsequent marginal costs have been useful in illuminating policy debates in areas such as antitrust regulation, environmental protection, and international competition. We discuss properties of such models when a Cournot equilibrium occurs at the second stage. Aggregate production costs strictly decline with no change in gross revenue or gross consumer surplus if the prior actions strictly increase the variance of marginal costs without changing the marginal-cost sum. Therefore, unless the cost of inducing second-stage asymmetry more than offsets this reduction in production costs, the private and social optima are asymmetric. (JEL D43, L13, L40)

Justice-Based OT: A Scoping Review and Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 7512510227p1-7512510227p1
Author(s):  
Jaime P. Muñoz ◽  
Yinao Wang ◽  
Abigail Catalano
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Practice Guidelines ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Or Practice ◽  
Primary Author ◽  
Distinct Role

Abstract Date Presented 04/13/21 This scoping review analyzed OT practice in justice-based systems as depicted in 140 sources appearing in publications between 1943 and 2019. This analysis may inform students, practitioners, and researchers and support efforts to define a distinct role for OTs in justice-based systems. Results may help define competencies or practice guidelines and inform the development of practices, programs, and research addressing the needs of individuals involved in the criminal justice system. Primary Author and Speaker: Jaime P. Muñoz Additional Authors and Speakers: Mimi Stroud, Suzanne Walter, Courtney Stonesifer, Yk Liao, and Samantha Marrah

States' Budget Investments in Technology and Improving Criminal Justice Outcomes

2018 ◽  
pp. 90-105
Author(s):  
Deborah Mohammed-Spigner ◽  
Brian E. Porter ◽  
Lois M. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Public Safety ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Drug Courts ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Criminal Justice Reform ◽  
Prison Populations

Investments in criminal justice have been expanding over the decades especially as specific outcomes have been sought to address the issues surrounding crime and public safety. Reducing crime and the rate of imprisonment can both significantly impact public safety and cost savings, as well as address outcomes for the justice-involved population in reducing the rate of return to imprisonment, or recidivism. Lessening sentences for non-violent crimes and expanding drug courts as an alternative to incarceration, along with other major criminal justice reform, have led some states to experience a reduction in crime and prison population. New Jersey, Hawaii, and California have made significant strides to reduce its crime and prison populations and are leaders in achieving major criminal justice reform. This chapter seeks to examine corrections spending for these three leading states that have implemented evidence-based policies and adapted information technology to improve criminal justice outcomes. It will also outline states spending on corrections over the past five years.

ASSESSMENT OF ESTIMATION METHODS AND FIELD PROCEDURES FOR INERTIAL NETWORKS

1986 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-276
Author(s):  
D. A. G. Arden ◽  
Calgary Alberta ◽  
K. P. Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
International Association ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Ground Control ◽  
Special Study Group ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Special Study ◽  
Dense Network ◽  
Smoothing Process

Inertial field procedures and postmission adjustment methods were compared and tested in the Gimli test network in southern Manitoba. This network has excellent GPS-derived ground control and a dense network of inertial traverses that make the testing of different alternatives possible. It has also been selected as one of the two test networks of the Special Study Group 1.77 of the International Association of Geodesy on the “Utilization of Inertial Techniques for Geodesy” and this paper is a contribution to the work of this group. Of the methods compared, adjustment of filtered data gives the best results. Adjustment of smoothed traverses suffers from the effects of sytematic errors introduced to the data by the smoothing process. Neither of the field procedures tested was found to be superior to the others. However, considerable savings in measurement time and costs could be achieved by using single runs along the peripheral traverses instead of the usual double runs. Cost savings of up to 20 percent are possible with only a marginal effect on the accuracy.

Measuring Duopoly Power in the British Electricity Spot Market

1999 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 805-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine D Wolfram
Keyword(s):  
Marginal Cost ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Spot Market ◽  
Financial Contracts ◽  
Marginal Costs ◽  
Regulatory Constraints ◽  
Inelastic Demand ◽  
Threat Of Entry ◽  
Electricity Spot Market ◽  
Direct Measures

This article presents an empirical study of market power in the British electricity industry. Estimates of price-cost markups are derived using direct measures of marginal cost and several approaches that do not rely on cost data. Since two suppliers facing inelastic demand dominate the industry, most oligopoly models predict prices substantially above marginal costs. All estimates indicate that prices, while higher than marginal costs, are not nearly as high as most theoretical models predict. Regulatory constraints, the threat of entry, and financial contracts between the suppliers and their customers are considered as possible explanations for the observed price levels. (JEL L13, L94)

scholarly journals Developing interagency collaboration to address the opioid epidemic: A scoping review of joint criminal justice and healthcare initiatives

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 102849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea J. Yatsco ◽  
Tiffany Champagne-Langabeer ◽  
Travis F. Holder ◽  
Angela L. Stotts ◽  
James R. Langabeer
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Interagency Collaboration ◽  
Opioid Epidemic

Occupational Therapy’s Role in the Criminal Justice System: A Scoping Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (4_Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 7111520314p1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Muñoz ◽  
Justin T. McTish ◽  
Joelle M. Ruggeri ◽  
Gesina Phillips ◽  
Abigail Catalano
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Justice System ◽  
System A

Minimizing drug wastage (DW) and cost of cabazitaxel used to treat metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6550-6550
Author(s):  
Di Maria Jiang ◽  
Nazanin Fallah-Rad ◽  
Roy Lee ◽  
Pamela Ng ◽  
Alan D. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Cost ◽  
Drug Stability ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Financial Strain ◽  
Average Dose ◽  
Pharmacy Records ◽  
Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer ◽  
Cost Calculations ◽  
Castrate Resistant

6550 Background: Cabazitaxel is indicated for mCRPC, but is associated with substantial DW and financial strain on hospital budgets. It is only available in single-dose 60mg vials and has short reconstituted drug stability of < 24 hours. We aimed to determine feasibility and cost savings of an aggressive batching strategy to facilitate vial sharing of Cabazitaxel. Methods: Our mitigation strategy was to administer Cabazitaxel 20mg/m2 q3-weekly (without prophylactic G-CSF) on a single weekday whenever possible. Drug was prepared after patient (pt) arrival. Remaining amount from each vial was saved for subsequent pts on the same day. Amount administered, discarded and number of (#) vials used were obtained from pharmacy records. We estimated drug cost without batching by assigning 1 vial/treatment, and drug cost with batching from the actual # vials used. Cost of DW was determined from the amount discarded. All cost calculations were based on market price ($96.7CAD/mg) accounting for Sanofi’s discount incentive (5 vials for the price of 4), allowing a real-world cost assessment. Results: Between 09/2015 and 09/2018, 74 pts received 404 Cabazitaxel treatments on 164 days using 319 vials. Multiple pts were batched on 68% treatment days. Every 3 pts batched saved 1 vial. Average dose/treatment was 37mg (20-45mg). Among 10 treatment cancellations, prepared drug was administered for subsequent pts in 9 cases. Drug and DW costs over the 3-year period with and without batching are shown in Table. Conclusions: Batching ≥3 pts on a single weekday was feasible and significantly lowered drug cost of Cabazitaxel by reducing wastage. This strategy could help mitigate costs associated with wastage for other oncology drugs. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals On the Workings of a Cartel: Evidence from the Norwegian Cement Industry

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 321-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars-Hendrik Röller ◽  
Frode Steen
Keyword(s):  
Marginal Cost ◽  
Cost Accounting ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Welfare Gains ◽  
Entire Sample ◽  
Sharing Rule ◽  
Cost Estimates ◽  
Accounting Data ◽  
Marginal Costs ◽  
Using Data

Using data on prices, production, and exports, we are able to identify marginal costs as well as the effectiveness of the Norwegian cement industry cartel. We find that our marginal cost estimates are very much in line with the detailed cost accounting data. We show that the cement cartel has been ineffective because the sharing rule induces “overproduction” and exporting below marginal costs. It is consumers — not firms — who benefit from the sharing rule. The ineffectiveness of the cartel was becoming so large that domestic welfare of a merger to monopoly would be positive around 1968, which is when the merger actually took place! We also show that competition would have resulted in even higher welfare gains over the entire sample.

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