scholarly journals “Women’s Work”: Welfare State Spending and the Gendered and Classed Dimensions of Unpaid Care

2021 ◽  
pp. 089124322110386
Author(s):  
Naomi Lightman ◽  
Anthony Kevins
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Family Policy ◽  
Care Work ◽  
Social Expenditure ◽  
State Spending ◽  
Unpaid Care ◽  
Level Model ◽  
The Relationship

This study is the first to explicitly assess the connections between welfare state spending and the gendered and classed dimensions of unpaid care work across 29 European nations. Our research uses multi-level model analysis of European Quality of Life Survey data, examining childcare and housework burdens for people living with at least one child under the age of 18. Two key findings emerge: First, by disaggregating different types of unpaid care work, we find that childcare provision is more gendered than classed—reflecting trends toward “intensive mothering”. Housework and cooking, on the contrary, demonstrate both gender and class effects, likely because they are more readily outsourced by wealthier individuals to the paid care sector. Second, while overall social expenditure has no effect on hours spent on childcare and housework, results suggest that family policy may shape the relationship between gender, income, and housework (but not childcare). Specifically, family policy expenditure is associated with a considerably smaller gender gap vis-à-vis the time dedicated to housework: This effect is present across the income spectrum, but is particularly substantial in the case of lower income women.

scholarly journals Migration and welfare state spending

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart N. Soroka ◽  
Richard Johnston ◽  
Anthony Kevins ◽  
Keith Banting ◽  
Will Kymlicka
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Moral Hazard ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Social Welfare Policy ◽  
Social Expenditure ◽  
State Spending ◽  
Major Pathway ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
The Impact

Is international migration a threat to the redistributive programmes of destination countries? Existing work is divided. This paper examines the manner and extent to which increases in immigration are related to welfare state retrenchment, drawing on data from 1970 to 2007. The paper makes three contributions: (1) it explores the impact of changes in immigration on social welfare policy over both the short and medium term; (2) it examines the possibility that immigration matters for spending not just directly, but indirectly, through changes in demographics and/or the labour force; and (3) by disaggregating data on social expenditure into subdomains (including unemployment, pensions, and the like), it tests the impact of immigration on different elements of the welfare state. Results suggest that increased immigration is indeed associated with smaller increases in spending. The major pathway is through impact on female labour force participation. The policy domains most affected are ones subject to moral hazard, or at least to rhetoric about moral hazard.

Gender, equality and capabilities*

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy Fudge
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Capabilities Approach ◽  
Care Work ◽  
Decent Work ◽  
Unpaid Care ◽  
The North ◽  
Women's Equality ◽  
Antidiscrimination Law ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter considers the relationship between women's equality, care work, and sustainable development, and develops a conceptual framework that can be used to understand this complex relationship. The chapter is organized as follows. The second section briefly reviews the relationship between sustainable development, which includes the International Labour Organisation's (ILO) ‘Decent Work’ Agenda, and women's equality. It answers the question on what basis or dimension women's equality should be measured. Instead of assessing a range of potential answers, it focuses on Amartya Sen's notion of substantive freedom and his capabilities approach. The third section argues that women's equality, and especially the relationship between women's equality and responsibility for care work, illustrates both the promise of, and the limitations to, Sen's capabilities approach. The fourth section sketches some of the salient differences between paid and unpaid care work in the North and the South, which also considers the capacity of the ILO 2009 report, ‘Decent Work for Domestic Workers’, to respond to these differences. Drawing upon feminist scholars, the fifth section argues that, supplemented by a theory of choice, deliberative mechanisms, and a social theory of power, the capabilities approach can be a useful tool for conceptualising women's equality and for recognising the significance of socially necessary care work. The chapter concludes by suggesting that a robust capabilities approach designed to address gender inequality and to incorporate care work illuminates the limitations in the current approaches of antidiscrimination law for addressing women's inequality.

scholarly journals The provision of unpaid care across cohorts and genders: A research note

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 272
Author(s):  
Christine Proulx
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Unpaid Care ◽  
Care Recipients ◽  
Care Relationships ◽  
Nous Examinons ◽  
Provision Of Care ◽  
The Relationship

In this study, the caregiving history collected in the 2007 General Social Survey (GSS) is used to document the provision of care since the age of 15 years, the number of people helped, and the relationship with the care recipients. Using life tables, we confirm an upward trend in caregiving across birth cohorts. Unexpectedly, the findings also show that providing care starts at earlier ages in more recent cohorts—a result that appears partly linked to the emergence of new care relationships—and that the gender gap in the provision of care has widened over time.Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous examinons les soins fournis depuis l’âge de 15 ans, le nombre de personnes aidées et la nature des liens avec ces personnes en nous basant sur l’historique des soins prodigués recueilli dans l’Enquête sociale générale (ESG) de 2007. À l’aide de tables d’extinction simple, nous confirmons l’augmentation de la prestation de soins au fil des cohortes de naissance. Par ailleurs, les soins commencent de plus en plus tôt, notamment grâce à l’apparition de nouveaux types de relations d’aide, et l’écart dans la prestation de soins se creuse entre les hommes et les femmes.

scholarly journals The gender gap in welfare state attitudes in Europe: The role of unpaid labour and family policy

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 452-466
Author(s):  
Mikael Goossen
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Family Policy ◽  
Equal Distribution ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Unpaid Labour ◽  
And Gender

Previous research has shown a prevailing ‘modern gender gap’ in socio-political attitudes in advanced capitalist economies. While numerous studies have confirmed gender differences in attitudes towards the welfare state in Europe, few have addressed the reason for this rift in men’s and women’s views about the role of government in ensuring the general welfare of citizens. In this article, I examine the relationship between gender equality in unpaid labour, family policy and the gender gap in welfare state attitudes. Based on data from 21 countries participating in the European Social Survey (ESS) Round 4, and using a mix of country- and individual-level regression models and multilevel models, I find that there is a clear relationship between country-level gender equality in unpaid labour and gender differences in support of an encompassing welfare state. A more equal distribution of unpaid care and domestic work correlates with women being increasingly supportive of a large and encompassing welfare state, in comparison with men. This pattern holds when controlling for individual-level economic risk and resources, cultural factors such as trust and social values traditionally related to the support of an encompassing welfare state, and beliefs about welfare state efficiency and consequences for society in general. This pattern is evident for countries with a low level of familistic policies, while no distinguishable pattern is discernible for highly familistic countries. These findings have implications for the perception of gender as an emergent social cleavage with respect to welfare state attitudes. The results are discussed in the light of institutional theories on policy feedback, familism, social role theory and previous findings relating to modernization theory and ‘gender realignment’.

The Relationship Between Interoception and Metacognition

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Meessen ◽  
Verena Mainz ◽  
Siegfried Gauggel ◽  
Eftychia Volz-Sidiropoulou ◽  
Stefan Sütterlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Metacognitive Awareness ◽  
Interoceptive Awareness ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Heartbeat Perception ◽  
Interoceptive Accuracy ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Recently, Garfinkel and Critchley (2013) proposed to distinguish between three facets of interoception: interoceptive sensibility, interoceptive accuracy, and interoceptive awareness. This pilot study investigated how these facets interrelate to each other and whether interoceptive awareness is related to the metacognitive awareness of memory performance. A sample of 24 healthy students completed a heartbeat perception task (HPT) and a memory task. Judgments of confidence were requested for each task. Participants filled in questionnaires assessing interoceptive sensibility, depression, anxiety, and socio-demographic characteristics. The three facets of interoception were found to be uncorrelated and interoceptive awareness was not related to metacognitive awareness of memory performance. Whereas memory performance was significantly related to metamemory awareness, interoceptive accuracy (HPT) and interoceptive awareness were not correlated. Results suggest that future research on interoception should assess all facets of interoception in order to capture the multifaceted quality of the construct.

The relationship between optimism, personal control and quality of life of patients with COPD

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Arnold ◽  
A. V. Ranchor ◽  
N. H. T. ten Hacken ◽  
G. H. Koeter ◽  
V. Otten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Personal Control ◽  
The Relationship

Using the alveograph in developing requirements for the quality of flour for wafer sheet production

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
E.P. Meleshkina ◽  
◽  
S.N. Kolomiets ◽  
A.S. Cheskidova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Mathematical Statistics ◽  
Intended Purpose ◽  
The Future ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Objectively and reliably determined indicators of rheological properties of the dough were identified using the alveograph device to create a system of classifications of wheat and flour from it for the intended purpose in the future. The analysis of the relationship of standardized quality indicators, as well as newly developed indicators for identifying them, differentiating the quality of wheat flour for the intended purpose, i.e. for finished products. To do this, we use mathematical statistics methods.

HUBUNGAN KUALITAS KEHIDUPAN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA PERAWAT PELAKSANA

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-420
Author(s):  
Amella Gusty ◽  
Dachriyanus Dachriyanus ◽  
Leni Merdawati
Keyword(s):  
District Hospital ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Quality Of Work Life ◽  
P Value ◽  
Work Context ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Quality Of Work ◽  
The Relationship

Kinerja perawat merupakan hasil yang dicapai dalam melaksanakan asuhan keperawatan di rumah sakit. Terciptanya asuhan keperawatan yang optimal sangat diperlukan dukungan dari pihak rumah sakit salah satunya adalah menciptakan kualitas kehidupan kerja baik bagi perawat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kualitas kehidupan kerja terhadap kinerja perawat pelaksana di RSUD Teluk Kuantan. Jenis penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Jumlah sampel 120 responden yang diperoleh melalui proportionate simple random sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kualitas kehidupan kerja perawat RSUD Teluk Kuantan berada pada kategori sedang, kinerja perawat berada pada kategori kurang baik. Berdasarkan analisis kedua variabel teridentifikasi bahwa tidak ada hubungan antara kualitas kehidupan kerja dengan kinerja perawat pelaksana dengan  p value 0,817. Dimensi work context merupakan komponen yang memiliki hubungan dengan kinerja perawat pelaksana dengan p value 0,008, dimensi work life  tidak berhubungan secara signifikan dengan kinerja perawat. Kesimpulan penelitian diketahui tidak ada hubungan antara kualitas kehidupan kerja dengan kinerja perawat pelaksana. Ada hubungan dimensi work context dengan kinerja perawat pelaksana. Tidak ada hubungan dimensi work life dengan kinerja perawat.   Kata kunci: kualitas kehidupan kerja, kinerja, perawat pelaksana   THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE QUALITY OF WORK LIFE AND THE PERFORMANCE OF IMPLEMENTERS NURSES   ABSTRACT Nurse performance is the result achieved in implementing nursing care in a hospital. The creation of optimal nursing care is very much needed support from the hospital, one of which is to create a good quality of work life for nurses. This study aims to determine the relationship between the quality of work life and the performance of nurses at the Kuantan District Hospital. This type of quantitative research with cross sectional approach. The number of samples of 120 respondents obtained through proportionate simple random sampling. The results showed that the quality of work life of nurses at the Kuantan District Hospital was in the medium category, the nurses' performance was in the unfavorable category. Based on the analysis of the two variables, it was identified that there was no relationship between the quality of work life with the performance of implementing nurses with a p value of 0.817. The work context dimension is a component that has a relationship with the performance of nurses implementing with p value 0.008, the dimension of work life does not significantly correlate with nurse performance. The conclusion of the research is that there is no relationship between the quality of work life and the performance of the implementing nurses. There is a relationship between the dimensions of the work context and the performance of the nurses. There is no relationship between the dimensions of work life and nurse performance.   Keywords: quality of work life, performance, implementers nurse

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