scholarly journals Adverse Childhood Circumstances and Functional Status Throughout Adult Life

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1347-1368 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Laditka ◽  
Sarah B. Laditka
Keyword(s):  
Functional Status ◽  
White Women ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Status Transition ◽  
Adverse Childhood

Objective:We studied the association of childhood adversity with adult functional status. Method: With data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the 2014 Childhood Retrospective Circumstances Study (1992-2013; N = 6,705; 62,885 person-years), we estimated functional status transition probabilities associated with childhood adversity, with multinomial logistic Markov models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and education. Microsimulation then estimated functional status outcomes throughout adulthood for African American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White women and men. Results: Adversity was significantly associated with functional status. Of White women without adversities, 2.3% had difficulty doing activities of daily living at age 30, compared with 8.2% with high adversity; comparable results were 3.7% and 8.7% for African Americans, 0.9% and 11.5% for Hispanics (all p < .01). Patterns were similar at other ages, for men, and when adjusted for midlife health conditions and health behavior. Discussion: Childhood adversity may substantially increase functional impairment throughout adult life.

Disability in Childhood, Special Education Histories, and Lifetime Health Outcomes in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 089826432110189
Author(s):  
Sarah B. Laditka ◽  
James N. Laditka ◽  
Jessica N. Hoyle
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nursing Home Care ◽  
Education History ◽  
Childhood Disability ◽  
Income Dynamics

Objectives: We evaluated special education as an indicator of childhood disability and used that indicator to estimate lifetime dependency and life expectancy. Methods: Data: Panel Study of Income Dynamics and Health and Retirement Study ( n = 20,563). Dependency: Nursing home care or equivalent. Analysis: We first analyzed special education as an indicator of childhood disability; multinomial logistic Markov models and microsimulation then compared populations with and without childhood disability. Results: Special education history was a valid indicator of childhood disability. For example, with parents who did not complete high school, 3.8% with no special education history were dependent at least 5 years of adult life; that result with special education was 15.2%. Life expectancy from age 20 was 58.3 years without special education, 46.0 years with special education (both p < .05). Discussion: Special education history can indicate childhood disability. People with that history had significantly a more dependency than others and significantly shorter lives.

scholarly journals Lifetime Disadvantages after Childhood Adversity: Health Problems Limiting Work and Shorter Life

2018 ◽  
Vol 680 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Laditka ◽  
Sarah B. Laditka
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Work Disability ◽  
White Women ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Nationally Representative

We examine how childhood adversity relates to work disability and life expectancy, using 1999 to 2015 data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We estimate the probabilities of work disability and death, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and education in a nationally representative sample of African American, Hispanic, and white women and men. We find that people in all these groups who experienced high-adversity childhoods (individuals with four or more of six adversity indicators) had significantly more work disability and shorter lives than those who experienced no adversity. These findings provide evidence that childhood adversity is associated with substantial disability and a reduction in life expectancy of at least a decade. Childhood adversity was generally associated with more lost years of life for men than for women, and more disability for women than for men. The results are robust, even when controlling for diabetes, heart disease, depression, obesity, and sedentary behavior.

scholarly journals The Effect of EITC Exposure in Childhood on Marriage and Early Childbearing

Demography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Michelmore ◽  
Leonard M. Lopoo
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
White Women ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Earned Income ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, this study analyzes the effect of exposure to the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) in childhood on marriage and childbearing in early adulthood. Results suggest that EITC exposure in childhood leads women to delay marriage and first births in early adulthood (ages 16–25), but has no effect on men. A $1,000 increase in EITC exposure in childhood leads to a 2%–3% decline in a woman's likelihood of having a first birth and a comparable decline in her likelihood of marrying by her early 20s. We find similar reductions in fertility among Black and White women, though marriage declines are concentrated among White women. Results are focused on children growing up in the bottom half of the income distribution and those who spent the majority of childhood residing with a single parent—two groups that are the primary beneficiaries of the EITC. These findings have important implications for the well-being of individuals exposed to the EITC in childhood, as well as their future children.

scholarly journals Dependency, Mortality, Invisibility: Linking Childhood Disability with Life Course Health Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 846-846
Author(s):  
Sarah Laditka ◽  
James Laditka ◽  
Jessica Hoyle
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Parent Education ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Education History ◽  
Childhood Disability ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Joint Dynamics ◽  
Life Course Health

Abstract People who experienced disability in childhood are living longer. It is not clear if longer lives indicate better health and less dependency, or if longer life is accompanied by increased dependency. We addressed that question by studying the joint dynamics of mortality and dependency. This population is “invisible” in most national surveys, which do not ask about childhood disability. We evaluated special education history as an indicator of childhood disability, and used that indicator to estimate dependency and life expectancy throughout adult life. Data: Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the Health and Retirement Study (n=20,563). Activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental ADLs, and cognition defined five functioning levels including dependency and death. Multinomial logistic Markov models estimated probabilities for transitioning among the levels, with or without a history of childhood disability, adjusted for demographics. We used the probabilities in microsimulations, creating large populations of completed lives, identifying dependency at each age for each individual. Analysis showed special education history was a valid indicator of childhood disability; 13% had such history. With parent education less than high school, remaining life at age 20 was 46.0 years for people with that history, 58.3 for others; corresponding results with parent’s bachelor’s degree: 48.3 and 60.7 (p&lt;0.05). Corresponding population percentages dependent 5+ years were: 15.2% and 3.8%, 13.1% and 3.8% (all p&lt;0.05). Special education history can indicate childhood disability. People with that history had significantly more dependency than others, and shorter lives. Accommodations and interventions can improve their health and functioning.

The lasting imprint of childhood disadvantage: cumulative histories of exposure to childhood adversity and trajectories of psychological distress in adulthood

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loanna S. Heidinger ◽  
Andrea E. Willson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Childhood Adversities ◽  
Childhood Disadvantage ◽  
The Life Course

This study contributes to the literature on the long-term effects of childhood disadvantage on mental health by estimating the association between patterns of cumulative childhood adversity on trajectories of psychological distress in adulthood. There is little research that investigates how compositional variations in the accumulation of childhood adversity may initiate distinct processes of disadvantage and differentially shape trajectories of psychological distress across the adult life course. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics’ Childhood Retrospective Circumstance Study and latent class analysis, we first identify distinct classes representing varied histories of exposure to childhood adversities using 25 indicators of adversity across multiple childhood domains. Next, the latent classes are included as predictors of trajectories of psychological distress in adulthood. The results demonstrate that patterns of experiences of childhood adversity are associated with higher levels of adult psychological distress that persists, and in some cases worsens, in adulthood, contributing to disparities in mental health across the life course.<br /><br />Key messages<br /><ul><li>Cumulative adversity during childhood has an enduring influence on adult psychological distress.</li><br /><li>Childhood adversities of various types and severities tend to co-occur, which is important for measures of cumulative childhood adversity to consider.</li><br /><li>Childhood adversity increases adult psychological distress, contributing to disparities in mental health across the life course.</li></ul>

Associations of Educational Attainment With Disability and Life Expectancy by Race and Gender in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1403-1425 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Laditka ◽  
Sarah B. Laditka
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
White Women ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
College Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Outcome Differences

Objective: This study provides estimates of associations of education with life expectancy and the percentage of remaining life from age 40 with disability. Method: We used the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 1999-2011 ( n = 8,763; 94,246 person-years), measuring five education levels. We estimated probabilities of disability and death with multinomial logistic Markov models, and used microsimulations beginning at age 40, controlling for gender, race/ethnicity, age, and disability. Results: With college education, African American and White women, and African American and White men, respectively, lived 46.6%, 44.0%, 55.2%, and 50.4% more years from age 40 than those educated at less than the ninth grade ( p < .001). Corresponding percentages of life with disability were lower with high education, by 37.9%, 38.9%, 41.0%, and 39.9% ( p < .001). There was little evidence of outcome differences between African Americans and Whites within education levels. Discussion: Low education is associated with shorter lives with much more disability.

scholarly journals Intergenerational Associations between Parents’ and Children’s Adverse Childhood Experience Scores

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 747
Author(s):  
Adam Schickedanz ◽  
José J. Escarce ◽  
Neal Halfon ◽  
Narayan Sastry ◽  
Paul J. Chung
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
P Value ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Intergenerational Links

Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are stressful childhood events associated with behavioral, mental, and physical illness. Parent experiences of adversity may indicate a child’s adversity risk, but little evidence exists on intergenerational links between parents’ and children’s ACEs. This study examines these intergenerational ACE associations, as well as parent factors that mediate them. Methods: The Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) 2013 Main Interview and the linked PSID Childhood Retrospective Circumstances Study collected parent and child ACE information. Parent scores on the Aggravation in Parenting Scale, Parent Disagreement Scale, and the Kessler-6 Scale of Emotional Distress were linked through the PSID 1997, 2002, and 2014 PSID Childhood Development Supplements. Multivariate linear and multinomial logistic regression models estimated adjusted associations between parent and child ACE scores. Results: Among 2205 parent-child dyads, children of parents with four or more ACEs had 3.25-fold (23.1% [95% CI 15.9–30.4] versus 7.1% [4.4–9.8], p-value 0.001) higher risk of experiencing four or more ACEs themselves, compared to children of parents without ACEs. Parent aggravation, disagreement, and emotional distress were partial mediators. Conclusions: Parents with higher ACE scores are far more likely to have children with higher ACEs. Addressing parenting stress, aggravation, and discord may interrupt intergenerational adversity cycles.

Marriage as a Mechanism of Internalizing Externalities: A Case of Smoking

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane J. You
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Legal Institution ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Married Individuals

Abstract With the view of marriage as a legal institution to internalize externalities, I examine the effect of marriage on smoking. From analyzing the data of Panel Study of Income Dynamics, I found that unmarried individuals are more likely to smoke by 4.9% point than married individuals with stronger impact on females. The long-run impact of marriage also shows that the unmarried individuals smoke more than married individuals but some of its positive impact diminishes within two years. These results on the whole imply that marriage internalizes the negative externalities of smoking and thus leads smokers to reduce smoking.

Using intentions to predict fertility

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Johannes Norling
Keyword(s):  
Rational Expectations ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Childless Women

Abstract On average, childless women observed by the Panel Study of Income Dynamics report that they intend to have more children than they actually have. A collection of intentions that record only whether respondents intend to have another child can more accurately predict the number of children they have. Errors in the formation of intentions are not required to explain this finding. Rather, if intentions record a survey respondent's most likely predicted number of children, then the average of these intentions does not necessarily equal average actual fertility, even if intentions are formed using rational expectations.

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