Associations of Educational Attainment With Disability and Life Expectancy by Race and Gender in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1403-1425 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Laditka ◽  
Sarah B. Laditka
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
White Women ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
College Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Outcome Differences

Objective: This study provides estimates of associations of education with life expectancy and the percentage of remaining life from age 40 with disability. Method: We used the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 1999-2011 ( n = 8,763; 94,246 person-years), measuring five education levels. We estimated probabilities of disability and death with multinomial logistic Markov models, and used microsimulations beginning at age 40, controlling for gender, race/ethnicity, age, and disability. Results: With college education, African American and White women, and African American and White men, respectively, lived 46.6%, 44.0%, 55.2%, and 50.4% more years from age 40 than those educated at less than the ninth grade ( p < .001). Corresponding percentages of life with disability were lower with high education, by 37.9%, 38.9%, 41.0%, and 39.9% ( p < .001). There was little evidence of outcome differences between African Americans and Whites within education levels. Discussion: Low education is associated with shorter lives with much more disability.

Aging Populations, Mortality, and Life Expectancy

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen M. Crimmins ◽  
Yuan S. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
White Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Health Programs ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Aging Populations ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Deaths Of Despair

Life expectancy has long been seen as an indicator of the quality of life as well as the health of a population. Recent trends in US life expectancy show growing inequality in life expectancy for some socioeconomic and geographic groupings but diminishing inequality by race and gender. For example, while African Americans had gains in life expectancy, non-Hispanic white women with low levels of education experienced drops. Overall, the United States continues to fall behind other countries in terms of life expectancy. One reason is our growing mortality in midlife from so-called deaths of despair. Public health programs cannot eliminate these adverse trends if they are not also accompanied by social policies supporting economic opportunity for US families.

Disability in Childhood, Special Education Histories, and Lifetime Health Outcomes in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 089826432110189
Author(s):  
Sarah B. Laditka ◽  
James N. Laditka ◽  
Jessica N. Hoyle
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nursing Home Care ◽  
Education History ◽  
Childhood Disability ◽  
Income Dynamics

Objectives: We evaluated special education as an indicator of childhood disability and used that indicator to estimate lifetime dependency and life expectancy. Methods: Data: Panel Study of Income Dynamics and Health and Retirement Study ( n = 20,563). Dependency: Nursing home care or equivalent. Analysis: We first analyzed special education as an indicator of childhood disability; multinomial logistic Markov models and microsimulation then compared populations with and without childhood disability. Results: Special education history was a valid indicator of childhood disability. For example, with parents who did not complete high school, 3.8% with no special education history were dependent at least 5 years of adult life; that result with special education was 15.2%. Life expectancy from age 20 was 58.3 years without special education, 46.0 years with special education (both p < .05). Discussion: Special education history can indicate childhood disability. People with that history had significantly a more dependency than others and significantly shorter lives.

scholarly journals Lifetime Disadvantages after Childhood Adversity: Health Problems Limiting Work and Shorter Life

2018 ◽  
Vol 680 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Laditka ◽  
Sarah B. Laditka
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Work Disability ◽  
White Women ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Nationally Representative

We examine how childhood adversity relates to work disability and life expectancy, using 1999 to 2015 data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We estimate the probabilities of work disability and death, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and education in a nationally representative sample of African American, Hispanic, and white women and men. We find that people in all these groups who experienced high-adversity childhoods (individuals with four or more of six adversity indicators) had significantly more work disability and shorter lives than those who experienced no adversity. These findings provide evidence that childhood adversity is associated with substantial disability and a reduction in life expectancy of at least a decade. Childhood adversity was generally associated with more lost years of life for men than for women, and more disability for women than for men. The results are robust, even when controlling for diabetes, heart disease, depression, obesity, and sedentary behavior.

Sometimes Leaving Means Staying: Race and White Teachers’ Emotional Investments

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (13) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Zeus Leonardo ◽  
Blanca Gamez-Djokic
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
White Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Modern Education ◽  
Critical Knowledge ◽  
Educational Spaces ◽  
Critical Understanding ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Emotional praxis is not a phrase usually associated with teaching and teacher education. Yet when race enters educational spaces, emotions frequently run high. In particular, Whites are often ill-equipped to handle emotions about race, either becoming debilitated by them or consistently evading them. Without critically understanding the relationship between race and emotions—or, simply, racialized emotions—teachers are unprepared to teach one of the most important topics in modern education. This chapter addresses this gap in education and teacher training by surveying the philosophical, sociological, and burgeoning literature on emotion in education to arrive at critical knowledge about the function and constitutive role it plays in discourses on race. Specifically, the argument delves into white racial emotions in light of the known fact that most teachers in the United States are White women. This means that our critical understanding of emotion during the teaching and learning interaction entails appreciation of both its racialized and gendered dimensions, and attention to both race and gender becomes part of emotional praxis. Finally, the essay ends with a proposal for an intersubjective race theory of emotion in education.

scholarly journals African American Women and Domestic Violence: Addressing their Voice of Silence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernice Kennedy ◽  
Chalice Rhodes (Former Jenkins)
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Domestic Violence ◽  
African American ◽  
Black Women ◽  
African American Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Slave Owner ◽  
American Women ◽  
Strong Black Women

Abstract Historically, during slavery, the international slave trade promoted normalization of violence against African American women. During slavery, African American women endured inhuman conditions because of the majority race views of them as being over-sexualized, physically strong, and immoral. This perception of the African American women as being highly sexual and more sexual than white women results in slave owner justifying their sexual violation and degrading of the African American women. The stereotypical representations of African American women as strong, controlling, dangerous, fearless, and invulnerable may interfere with the African American women receiving the needed services for domestic violence in the community. The Strong Black Women Archetype has been dated back to slavery describing their coping mechanism in dealing with oppression by developing a strong, less traditionally female role. The authors developed a model: The Multidimensional Perspectives of Factors Contributing to Domestic Violence of African American Women in the United States. This model depicts historically, the factors contributing to domestic violence of African American women in the United States. Also, this model addressed the African American women subscribing to the Strong Black Women Archetype to cope with domestic violence. Despite the increase in domestic violence in African American women, they focused more on the issue of racism instead of sexism in America. African American women have experienced the two obstacles of racism and sexism in America. However, African American women and men believe racism is more critical than sexism. Therefore, domestic violence in the African American population may remain silent because of cultural loyalty. However, the voice of silence of African American females is gradually changing with the upcoming generations.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Christian Dyogi Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Asian American ◽  
White Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Asian American Women ◽  
Political Ambition ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Candidate Emergence ◽  
And Gender

Chapter 1 begins by presenting an overview of the vicissitudes of descriptive representation in state legislatures for women and men from the four largest racial groups in the United States, from 1996 to 2015. The chapter then previews the book’s main finding: factors related to representation and candidate emergence, such as the relationship between district populations and descriptive representatives or political ambition, are shaped by race and gender simultaneously. To account for the persistence of underrepresentation among women and minorities, Chapter 1 then advances the intersectional model of electoral opportunity. The model accounts for external and internal, multilevel pressures that constrain and facilitate the realistic candidacy opportunities for white women, white men, men of color, and women of color. The chapter closes by discussing the necessity of studying Asian American women and men, and Latinas and Latinos, in order to better understand representation in a nation shaped by immigration and immigrant communities.

scholarly journals An Alternative Mathematical Modeling Approach to Estimating a Reference Life Expectancy

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 238146831881476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth R. Stevens ◽  
Qinlian Zhou ◽  
Glen B. Taksler ◽  
Kimberly A. Nucifora ◽  
Marc Gourevitch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
White Women ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Health Gains ◽  
Health Policy Decision

Background. Reference life expectancies inform frequently used health metrics, which play an integral role in determining resource allocation and health policy decision making. Existing reference life expectancies are not able to account for variation in geographies, populations, and disease states. Using a computer simulation, we developed a reference life expectancy estimation that considers competing causes of mortality, and is tailored to population characteristics. Methods. We developed a Monte Carlo microsimulation model that explicitly represented the top causes of US mortality in 2014 and the risk factors associated with their onset. The microsimulation follows a birth cohort of hypothetical individuals resembling the population of the United States. To estimate a reference life expectancy, we compared current circumstances with an idealized scenario in which all modifiable risk factors were eliminated and adherence to evidence-based therapies was perfect. We compared estimations of years of potential years life lost with alternative approaches. Results. In the idealized scenario, we estimated that overall life expectancy in the United States would increase by 5.9 years to 84.7 years. Life expectancy for men would increase from 76.4 years to 82.5 years, and life expectancy for women would increase from 81.3 years to 86.8 years. Using age-75 truncation to estimate potential years life lost compared to using the idealized life expectancy underestimated potential health gains overall (38%), disproportionately underestimated potential health gains for women (by 70%) compared to men (by 40%), and disproportionately underestimated the importance of heart disease for white women and black men. Conclusion. Mathematical simulations can be used to estimate an idealized reference life expectancy among a population to better inform and assess progress toward targets to improve population health.

African American Women Chemists

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeannette Brown
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
African American Women ◽  
African American Men ◽  
African American Woman ◽  
American Woman ◽  
The United States ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
American Women ◽  
Race And Gender

Dr. Marie Maynard Daly received her PhD in Chemistry from Columbia University in 1947. Although she was hardly the first of her race and gender to engage in the field, she was the first African American woman to receive a PhD in chemistry in the United States. In this book, Jeannette Brown, an African American woman chemist herself, will present a wide-ranging historical introduction to the relatively new presence of African American women in the field of chemistry. It will detail their struggles to obtain an education and their efforts to succeed in a field in which there were few African American men, much less African American women. The book contains sketches of the lives of African America women chemists from the earliest pioneers up until the late 1960's when the Civil Rights Acts were passed and greater career opportunities began to emerge. In each sketch, Brown will explore women's motivation to study the field and detail their often quite significant accomplishments. Chapters focus on chemists in academia, industry, and government, as well as chemical engineers, whose career path is very different from that of the tradition chemist. The book concludes with a chapter on the future of African American women chemists, which will be of interest to all women interested in science.

scholarly journals A Dream Deferred: African American Women’s Diminished Socioeconomic Returns of Postponing Childbearing from Teenage to Adulthood

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
Shanika Boyce ◽  
Mohsen Bazargan ◽  
Cleopatra H. Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
White Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Continuous Measure ◽  
American Women ◽  
Upward Social Mobility

Background: Brookings Institution has identified postponing childbirth from teenage to adulthood as a major strategy that is needed for upward social mobility of women. However, according to the Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs), the associations between aspirations, investments, behaviors, and socioeconomic position (SEP) may be diminished for marginalized groups such as African Americans. Objective: To extend the existing knowledge on the MDRs, the current study had two aims: First to compare White and African American women for the association between postponing childbearing to adulthood and SEP in a national sample of American women. Second, to test correlates of postponing childbearing to adulthood and SEP at birth with long term outcomes 15 years later when the child was 15 years old. Methods: For this longitudinal study, data came from the Fragile Families and Child Well-being Study (FFCWS), a national longitudinal prospective study in the United States (US) that followed an ethnically diverse sample of women from childbirth for 15 years from 1998 to 2016. For the first aim, this study included 2679 women composed of 723 Whites and 1956 African Americans. For the second aim, among 1842 individuals who had available data 15 years later, we measured various economic, behavioral, and mental health outcomes when the child was 15 years old. For aim 1 we ran linear regression. Postponing childbearing to adulthood was the independent variable. The dependent variable, SEP (poverty) was treated as a continuous measure with higher score indicating more poverty. Confounders included marital status and delivery characteristics. For the aim 2, we ran Pearson correlation test (exploratory analysis) to test if baseline SEP correlates with future outcomes. Results: Postponing childbearing from adolescence to adulthood was associated with higher SEP in adulthood, net of all confounders including marital status and education. We found a significant interaction between postponing childbearing from adolescence to adulthood and race on SEP, suggesting that the economic reward of postponing childbearing may be weaker for African American women than for White women. Conclusions: Although postponing the age at childbirth is a recommended strategy for women who wish to maximize their chance of upward social mobility, this strategy may be associated with smaller economic returns for African American women than White women. The results can also be interpreted as MDRs in investments in terms of a postponing childbearing. In a fair society, the same investment should be similarly rewarded across diverse racial groups. In the reality, however, the US society differently rewards White and African American women who postpone childbearing. Research should explore the roles of social stratification, blocked opportunities, and concentrated poverty in explaining the unequal return of such an investment for African American and White women.

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