scholarly journals Dependency, Mortality, Invisibility: Linking Childhood Disability with Life Course Health Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 846-846
Author(s):  
Sarah Laditka ◽  
James Laditka ◽  
Jessica Hoyle

Abstract People who experienced disability in childhood are living longer. It is not clear if longer lives indicate better health and less dependency, or if longer life is accompanied by increased dependency. We addressed that question by studying the joint dynamics of mortality and dependency. This population is “invisible” in most national surveys, which do not ask about childhood disability. We evaluated special education history as an indicator of childhood disability, and used that indicator to estimate dependency and life expectancy throughout adult life. Data: Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the Health and Retirement Study (n=20,563). Activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental ADLs, and cognition defined five functioning levels including dependency and death. Multinomial logistic Markov models estimated probabilities for transitioning among the levels, with or without a history of childhood disability, adjusted for demographics. We used the probabilities in microsimulations, creating large populations of completed lives, identifying dependency at each age for each individual. Analysis showed special education history was a valid indicator of childhood disability; 13% had such history. With parent education less than high school, remaining life at age 20 was 46.0 years for people with that history, 58.3 for others; corresponding results with parent’s bachelor’s degree: 48.3 and 60.7 (p<0.05). Corresponding population percentages dependent 5+ years were: 15.2% and 3.8%, 13.1% and 3.8% (all p<0.05). Special education history can indicate childhood disability. People with that history had significantly more dependency than others, and shorter lives. Accommodations and interventions can improve their health and functioning.

2021 ◽  
pp. 089826432110189
Author(s):  
Sarah B. Laditka ◽  
James N. Laditka ◽  
Jessica N. Hoyle

Objectives: We evaluated special education as an indicator of childhood disability and used that indicator to estimate lifetime dependency and life expectancy. Methods: Data: Panel Study of Income Dynamics and Health and Retirement Study ( n = 20,563). Dependency: Nursing home care or equivalent. Analysis: We first analyzed special education as an indicator of childhood disability; multinomial logistic Markov models and microsimulation then compared populations with and without childhood disability. Results: Special education history was a valid indicator of childhood disability. For example, with parents who did not complete high school, 3.8% with no special education history were dependent at least 5 years of adult life; that result with special education was 15.2%. Life expectancy from age 20 was 58.3 years without special education, 46.0 years with special education (both p < .05). Discussion: Special education history can indicate childhood disability. People with that history had significantly a more dependency than others and significantly shorter lives.


2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1347-1368 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Laditka ◽  
Sarah B. Laditka

Objective:We studied the association of childhood adversity with adult functional status. Method: With data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the 2014 Childhood Retrospective Circumstances Study (1992-2013; N = 6,705; 62,885 person-years), we estimated functional status transition probabilities associated with childhood adversity, with multinomial logistic Markov models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and education. Microsimulation then estimated functional status outcomes throughout adulthood for African American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White women and men. Results: Adversity was significantly associated with functional status. Of White women without adversities, 2.3% had difficulty doing activities of daily living at age 30, compared with 8.2% with high adversity; comparable results were 3.7% and 8.7% for African Americans, 0.9% and 11.5% for Hispanics (all p < .01). Patterns were similar at other ages, for men, and when adjusted for midlife health conditions and health behavior. Discussion: Childhood adversity may substantially increase functional impairment throughout adult life.


Author(s):  
Zilma Aparecida dos Santos Soares ◽  
Ana Lídia Pateis Patez

INTRODUÇÃO: Esse trabalho, propôs-se a realizar um breve levantamento sobre a História da Educação Especial e Inclusão em épocas e contextos diferentes: tempos primitivos, idade média, moderna, contemporânea…A história através da literatura, nos traz algumas revelações. No Egito antigo, por exemplo, há mais de cinco mil anos, muitas pessoas com deficiências, faziam parte da classe privilegiada: faraós, nobres, altos funcionários, artesãos, agricultores, e até escravos. As artes egípcias, deixam claras essas informações, sejam pelas construções (pirâmides), túmulos, múmias…MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Embasamos e fundamentamos nosso estudo, em bibliografias, audição de entrevistas, ¨sites¨, etc. RESULTADOS e DISCUSSÃO: O processo inclusivo-exclusivo, há muito existe e continua sendo temas de ¨combates¨, nos campos: dialógico (Freire) bem como nos debates legalistas dos três poderes: Executivo, Legislativo, Judiciário (políticos jurídicos). Agradecimento: SobreTudo: Deus. Família. Àqueles que direta e/ou indiretamente contribuem a cada dia no processo de aprendizagem-ensino-aprendizagem. À Adm Predial/FE/Unicamp, pelo apoio. Ao VI SIMTEC/GGBS por mais essa oportunidade. Conclusão: Percebe-se no entanto, como relata Odom e Diamond (1998, p. 5), ̈não há uma definição comum sobre inclusão ̈. Dentre os pontos positivos: as discussões/reflexões relacionadas ao processo inclusivo, têm despertado a atenção da sociedade para a importância de pôr em prática os direitos dessa população, por séculos negados. Referências: SANTOS, Z.A., PATEIS. A.L. - Anais do IV SIMTEC - Simpósio de Profissionais da Unicamp: Conhecimento e experiência: reconhecendo fronteiras e construindo pontes. Título: Acessibilidade e a pessoa com deficiência: qual o seu olhar? 6 e 7 de novembro de 2012. Campinas, SP.Abstract: Introduction: This work proposed to carry out a brief survey on the Special Education and Inclusion&";s History in different times and contexts: primitive times, middle ages, modern ages, contemporary ages... The history through literature bring us some revelations. In the Ancient Egypt, for example, more than 5,000 years ago, many people with disabilities were part of the privileged class: pharaohs, nobles, high officials, artisans, farmers, and even slaves. The Egyptian arts make this information clear, whether by buildings (pyramids), tombs, mummies... MATERIALS AND METHODS. We based and grounded our study in bibliographies, interview listening, websites, etc. RESULTS and DISCUSSION: The inclusive-exclusive process exists for a long time and keep on being topic of "fights" in fields: dialogic (Freire) as well as the legalistic debates of three powers: Executive, Legislative, Judiciary (legal politics). Thank You: Especially: God. Family. To those who directly and/or indirectly contribute every day to the learning-teaching-learning process. To building administration/FE/Unicamp, by the support. To VI SIMTEC/GGBS for one more opportunity. Conclusion: We can observe, though, as reported by Odom and Diamond (1998, page 5), "there is no common definition about inclusion". Among the positive points: the discussions/reflections related to the inclusive process have awakened the society&";s attention for the importance of putting into practice this population&";s rights, denied for centuries. References: SANTOS, Z.A., PATEIS. A.L. - Anais do IV SIMTEC - Simpósio de Profissionais da Unicamp: Conhecimento e experiência: reconhecendo fronteiras e construindo pontes. Título: Acessibilidade e a pessoa com deficiência: qual o seu olhar? November 6-7, 2012. Campinas, SP.Keywords: SPECIAL EDUCATION HISTORY/INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION/EDUCATIVE PRACTICES 


2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lusa Lo ◽  
Oanh Bui

Lack of family engagement in transition planning continues to be a challenge in special education. This study examined the experiences of Chinese and Vietnamese families of youth with disabilities toward transition planning. Results suggested that participants were eager to be engaged in the transition planning and valued the importance of transition planning activities. They wanted to ensure that their youth were equipped with skills, so they could lead a successful and independent adult life. However, schools provided little to no information regarding the transition planning process. This lack of information prevented them from being actively involved. Implications for future research and practice to enhance partnership between schools and diverse families in the development of transition planning are discussed.


2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavan John Antony

Education of all children in public schools, including those with disabilities, continues to be an unresolved issue in many countries around the globe. While education of all children is mandated by law and considered a basic human right in many countries, the current status of implementation varies. India, for example, is an ancient country that adopted several laws and policies for its citizens with disabilities after gaining independence from British rule. Today, India legally requires the education of all children in schools; however, despite this, millions of children with disabilities continue to remain out of school or receive little or no education. This paper discusses the special education history, legal system, current status and future for people with disabilities in India.


2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Robin D Brewer ◽  
Silvia M. Correa-Torres ◽  
Tyler W. Kincaid

<p><em>The authors of this study examined data from the Special Education Elementary Longitudinal Study (SEELS) regarding school settings, time students spent in each setting, and opportunities for social interactions experienced by students with multiple disabilities. Findings suggest that over a span of six years, students in the US spent an increasing amount of time in resource or pull-out settings. This resulted in students spending less time with their general education peers but also less time in self-contained special education classrooms. Results also indicated that the opportunities for social interactions experienced by students with multiple disabilities increased in all settings and typical students are now spending more time with students with multiple disabilities. The data also revealed that social interactions increased for all students but when students spent a majority of their day in the general education setting, the increase was at a significantly higher rate. This leads us to understand the need to prepare all students to be prepared to exit school into adult life. Interacting with typical students will increase their ability to interact and understand the need for socially acceptable behavior. </em></p>


2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dulce Regina Baggio Osinski ◽  
Amanda Siqueira Torres Cunha

Este artigo analisa o conceito de “infância” a partir de formulações que marcaram a modernidade, inserindo-se no campo das pesquisas em história intelectual da educação e relacionando-se de modo mais específico com a história dos conceitos. A investigação tratará do contexto europeu, definindo como recorte temporal o período entre os séculos XVII e XIX. As reflexões de Reinhart Koselleck a partir do campo da história dos conceitos serão cotejadas com as de autores como Ariès, Becchi, Herrero, Levin e Kohan, que discutem a infância em perspectiva histórica. Como fontes, serão analisados os discuros de intelectuais envolvidos com a infância e sua formação, tais como os mestre de Port-Royal, Immanuel Kant, John  Locke, Denis Diderot, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Johann Pestalozzi e Friedrich Froebel, os quais evidenciam a construção, manutenção ou ressignificação do conceito de infância no decorrer do tempo, graças a movimentos de circulação e apropriação. Foi possível perceber, no período analisado, que o conceito de infância em circulação no século XVII e início do século XVIII, relacionado a um número maior de aspectos negativos e concebido como um momento da vida imperfeito, pecaminoso e separado da vida adulta, cedeu paulatinamente lugar, até meados do século XIX, à ideia de um período com características próprias e relevante para a concretização do projeto de homem moderno.Palavras-chave: História da educação; história dos conceitos; conceito de infância; infância e modernidade.THE CONCEPT OF "CHILDHOOD" IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN MODERNITY (XVII-XIX CENTURIES)AbstractThis article analyzes the concept of "childhood" from formulations that marked modernity, inserting itself in the field of research in the intellectual history of education and relating more specifically to the history of concepts. The research will deal with the European context, defining as temporal cut-off the period between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. Reinhart Koselleck's reflections from the field of concept history will be compared with authors such as Ariès, Becchi, Herrero, Levin and Kohan, who discuss childhood in historical perspective. As sources, the discourses of intellectuals involved with childhood and its formation, such as the Masters of Port-Royal, Immanuel Kant, John Locke, Johann Pestalozzi, Friedrich Froebel and Jean Jacques Rousseau, will be analyzed, which put in evidence the construction, maintenance or re-signification of the concept of childhood in the course of time, thanks to movements of circulation and appropriation. It was possible to perceive, in the analyzed period, that the concept of childhood in circulation in the seventeenth and early eighteenth century, related to a greater number of negative aspects and conceived as a moment of imperfect, sinful life separated from adult life, gradually gave place, until de nineteenth century, to the idea of a period with its own characteristics and relevant to the realization of the modern man project.Key-words: History of education; history of concepts; concept of childhood; childhood and modernity.EL CONCEPTO DE "INFANCIA" EN EL CONTEXTO DE LA MODERNIDAD EUROPEA (SÉCULOS XVII-XIX) Resumen Este artículo analiza el concepto de "infancia" a partir de formulaciones que marcaron la modernidad, insertándose en el campo de las investigaciones en historia intelectual de la educación y relacionándose de modo más específico con la historia de los conceptos. La investigación tratará del contexto europeo, definiendo como recorte temporal el período entre los siglos XVII y XIX. Las reflexiones de Reinhart Koselleck a partir del campo de la historia de los conceptos serán cotejadas con autores como Ariès, Becchi, Herrero, Levin y Kohan, que discuten la infancia en perspectiva histórica. Como fuentes, se analizarán los discursos de intelectuales involucrados con la infancia y su formación, como los maestros de Port-Royal, Immanuel Kant, John Locke, Johann Pestalozzi, Friedrich Froebel y Jean Jacques Rousseau, que evidencian la construcción, el mantenimiento o la resignificación del concepto de infancia en el transcurso del tiempo, gracias a movimientos de circulación y apropiación. En el período analizado, el concepto de infancia en circulación en el siglo XVII y el inicio del siglo XVIII, que se relacionó con un número mayor de aspectos negativos, siendo concebido como un momento de la vida imperfecto, pecaminoso y separado de la vida adulta, cedió paulatinamente lugar, hasta el siglo XIX, a la idea de un período con características propias y relevantes para la concreción del proyecto de hombre moderno.Palabras clave: Historia de la educación; historia de los conceptos; concepto de infancia; la infancia y la modernidad.   


2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S125-S125
Author(s):  
Sarah B Laditka ◽  
James N Laditka ◽  
Laura Gunn

Abstract The 1960s War on Poverty was based on expectations that certain attitudes could improve health and economic well-being: aspiration and ambition, propensity to plan, personal efficacy, avoidance of unnecessary risk, connectedness to information and help, and trust. If true, promoting those attitudes might improve lives. The nationally representative Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) developed scales to repeatedly measure associations of those attitudes with income and well-being. After five annual measurements, researchers found few associations. Acknowledging more data might be needed, researchers concluded that changing attitudes was unlikely to help. We studied those same associations using five decades of PSID measures on income and work disability, physical or “nervous” health problems limiting work (1968-present; n=5,027; 170,583 person-years; mean baseline age 34.2), with multinomial logistic Markov models and dynamic microsimulation, modelling three levels of each outcome plus death. We also examined persistence of the attitudes (measurement reliability). Results suggested the attitudes were persistent (intraclass correlations &gt; 0.87). Controlling for age, sex, race, education, and baseline income, attitudes were strongly associated with the outcomes. For example, with above-median baseline income, 19.4% in the top baseline self-efficacy quintile had incomes below 150% of poverty at age 70, compared with 27.0% in quintile 1 (p&lt;0.001). Similarly, 5.5% in the highest quintile reported severe work disability (could not work, or limited “a lot”) at age 70 compared to 23.7% in the lowest (p&lt;0.001). Other attitudes showed similar significant patterns. Attitudes in early- to mid-adulthood may contribute importantly to economic well-being and health throughout later life.


Author(s):  
Stefan Leenheer ◽  
Maurice Gesthuizen ◽  
Michael Savelkoul

AbstractScholars disagree on whether and to what extent adult life experiences can influence generalized trust and vice versa. Going beyond the methodological limitations of former studies, we aimed to answer the question as to what extent reciprocal causal relationships exist between generalized trust and the adult life experiences of financial success and (in)formal social contacts. We used two-wave cross-lagged panel models to identify those reciprocal causal relationships, and fixed-effects models to assess if they might be biased due to unaccounted time-invariant influences. Data from the Dutch NELLS panel study (age range 17–49) show that compelling empirical evidence is found for a reciprocal causal relationship between generalized trust and household income that does not suffer from bias due to unobserved heterogeneity. Furthermore, more trusting individuals experience a stronger decrease in material deprivation, but not vice versa. Trust and (in)formal social contacts are not causally related in any of our models.


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