scholarly journals Lifetime Disadvantages after Childhood Adversity: Health Problems Limiting Work and Shorter Life

2018 ◽  
Vol 680 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Laditka ◽  
Sarah B. Laditka
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Work Disability ◽  
White Women ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Nationally Representative

We examine how childhood adversity relates to work disability and life expectancy, using 1999 to 2015 data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We estimate the probabilities of work disability and death, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and education in a nationally representative sample of African American, Hispanic, and white women and men. We find that people in all these groups who experienced high-adversity childhoods (individuals with four or more of six adversity indicators) had significantly more work disability and shorter lives than those who experienced no adversity. These findings provide evidence that childhood adversity is associated with substantial disability and a reduction in life expectancy of at least a decade. Childhood adversity was generally associated with more lost years of life for men than for women, and more disability for women than for men. The results are robust, even when controlling for diabetes, heart disease, depression, obesity, and sedentary behavior.

scholarly journals Adverse Childhood Circumstances and Functional Status Throughout Adult Life

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1347-1368 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Laditka ◽  
Sarah B. Laditka
Keyword(s):  
Functional Status ◽  
White Women ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Status Transition ◽  
Adverse Childhood

Objective:We studied the association of childhood adversity with adult functional status. Method: With data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the 2014 Childhood Retrospective Circumstances Study (1992-2013; N = 6,705; 62,885 person-years), we estimated functional status transition probabilities associated with childhood adversity, with multinomial logistic Markov models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and education. Microsimulation then estimated functional status outcomes throughout adulthood for African American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White women and men. Results: Adversity was significantly associated with functional status. Of White women without adversities, 2.3% had difficulty doing activities of daily living at age 30, compared with 8.2% with high adversity; comparable results were 3.7% and 8.7% for African Americans, 0.9% and 11.5% for Hispanics (all p < .01). Patterns were similar at other ages, for men, and when adjusted for midlife health conditions and health behavior. Discussion: Childhood adversity may substantially increase functional impairment throughout adult life.

Associations of Educational Attainment With Disability and Life Expectancy by Race and Gender in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1403-1425 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Laditka ◽  
Sarah B. Laditka
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
White Women ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
College Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Outcome Differences

Objective: This study provides estimates of associations of education with life expectancy and the percentage of remaining life from age 40 with disability. Method: We used the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 1999-2011 ( n = 8,763; 94,246 person-years), measuring five education levels. We estimated probabilities of disability and death with multinomial logistic Markov models, and used microsimulations beginning at age 40, controlling for gender, race/ethnicity, age, and disability. Results: With college education, African American and White women, and African American and White men, respectively, lived 46.6%, 44.0%, 55.2%, and 50.4% more years from age 40 than those educated at less than the ninth grade ( p < .001). Corresponding percentages of life with disability were lower with high education, by 37.9%, 38.9%, 41.0%, and 39.9% ( p < .001). There was little evidence of outcome differences between African Americans and Whites within education levels. Discussion: Low education is associated with shorter lives with much more disability.

scholarly journals Disparities in Vulnerability to Severe Complications from COVID-19 in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily E. Wiemers ◽  
Scott Abrahams ◽  
Marwa AlFakhri ◽  
V. Joseph Hotz ◽  
Robert F. Schoeni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
High School Degree ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Nationally Representative

AbstractThis paper provides the first nationally representative estimates of vulnerability to severe complications from COVID-19 overall and across race-ethnicity and socioeconomic status. We use the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to examine the prevalence of specific health conditions associated with complications from COVID-19 and to calculate, for each individual, an index of the risk of severe complications from respiratory infections developed by DeCaprio et al. (2020). We show large disparities across race-ethnicity and socioeconomic status in the prevalence of conditions which are associated with the risk of severe complications from COVID-19. Moreover, we show that these disparities emerge early in life, prior to age 65, leading to higher vulnerability to such complications. While vulnerability is highest among older adults regardless of their race-ethnicity or socioeconomic status, our results suggest particular attention should also be given to the risk of adverse outcomes in midlife for non-Hispanic Blacks, adults with a high school degree or less, and low-income Americans.

Body Satisfaction and Overall Mood: Effects of Race in Exercisers with Obesity

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 1105-1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Annesi ◽  
Srinivasa Gorjala
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Body Satisfaction ◽  
White Women ◽  
The Body ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Comparable Group ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Impact

Body image in obese women is generally poor, and may be affected by race/ethnicity. The impact of exercise is unclear. White and African American women who were obese started on a supported exercise and nutrition education program for weight reduction. The body satisfaction of the African American participants was significantly more favorable at baseline than the comparable group of White women. For all participants, body satisfaction was significantly related to overall mood, both at baseline, and in its significant improvements over six months. Race/ethnicity did not influence those relationships. Extensions of this research may improve theory and, ultimately, treatments.

scholarly journals Charting the functional form of working memory in two nationally representative samples

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sammy F. Ahmed ◽  
Alexa Ellis ◽  
Kaitlin P. Ward ◽  
Natasha Chaku ◽  
Pamela Davis-Kean
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Functional Form ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Span Tasks ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
National Trends

We leveraged nationally representative data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics-Child Development Supplement (N = 3,562) and the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (N = 18,174), to chart the functional form of working memory (WM) from 3 to 19 years of age. Results from this preregistered study (https://osf.io/4pvwk) revealed non-linear growth patterns for both forward and backward digit span tasks, with the most rapid growth occurring during early childhood and early adolescence. We also found that males and females develop WM at similar rates across the U.S. population. Together, this study highlights the relative importance of the early childhood and early adolescent periods for WM development. These benchmarks of normative WM development can also provide researchers with a reference against which to compare the developmental changes of WM in individual studies and allow clinicians and educators to track individual progress and evaluate educational programs using national trends of WM development.

scholarly journals The Effect of EITC Exposure in Childhood on Marriage and Early Childbearing

Demography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Michelmore ◽  
Leonard M. Lopoo
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
White Women ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Earned Income ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, this study analyzes the effect of exposure to the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) in childhood on marriage and childbearing in early adulthood. Results suggest that EITC exposure in childhood leads women to delay marriage and first births in early adulthood (ages 16–25), but has no effect on men. A $1,000 increase in EITC exposure in childhood leads to a 2%–3% decline in a woman's likelihood of having a first birth and a comparable decline in her likelihood of marrying by her early 20s. We find similar reductions in fertility among Black and White women, though marriage declines are concentrated among White women. Results are focused on children growing up in the bottom half of the income distribution and those who spent the majority of childhood residing with a single parent—two groups that are the primary beneficiaries of the EITC. These findings have important implications for the well-being of individuals exposed to the EITC in childhood, as well as their future children.

scholarly journals Findings From a Probability-Based Survey of United States Households About Prevention Measures Based on Race, Ethnicity, and Age in Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 (10) ◽  
pp. 1607-1611 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A Sauceda ◽  
Torsten B Neilands ◽  
Marguerita Lightfoot ◽  
Parya Saberi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African American ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Digital Tools ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Behaviors ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Nationally Representative

Abstract We investigated individual behaviors taken by white, African American, and Latino United States (US) households in response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and likelihood of using digital tools for symptom surveillance/reporting. We analyzed cross-sectional week 1 data (April 2020) of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Impact Survey in a large, nationally representative sample of US adults. In general, all groups engaged in the same prevention behaviors, but whites reported being more likely to use digital tools to report/act on symptoms and seek testing, compared with African Americans and Latinos. Individual behaviors may not explain COVID-19 case disparities, and digital tools for tracking should focus on uptake among race/ethnic minorities.

scholarly journals ASSOCIATION OF ATTITUDES WITH ECONOMIC WELL-BEING AND HEALTH: A FOUNDATION FOR PUBLIC POLICY

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S125-S125
Author(s):  
Sarah B Laditka ◽  
James N Laditka ◽  
Laura Gunn
Keyword(s):  
Work Disability ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Personal Efficacy ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Significant Patterns ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Economic Well Being

Abstract The 1960s War on Poverty was based on expectations that certain attitudes could improve health and economic well-being: aspiration and ambition, propensity to plan, personal efficacy, avoidance of unnecessary risk, connectedness to information and help, and trust. If true, promoting those attitudes might improve lives. The nationally representative Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) developed scales to repeatedly measure associations of those attitudes with income and well-being. After five annual measurements, researchers found few associations. Acknowledging more data might be needed, researchers concluded that changing attitudes was unlikely to help. We studied those same associations using five decades of PSID measures on income and work disability, physical or “nervous” health problems limiting work (1968-present; n=5,027; 170,583 person-years; mean baseline age 34.2), with multinomial logistic Markov models and dynamic microsimulation, modelling three levels of each outcome plus death. We also examined persistence of the attitudes (measurement reliability). Results suggested the attitudes were persistent (intraclass correlations &gt; 0.87). Controlling for age, sex, race, education, and baseline income, attitudes were strongly associated with the outcomes. For example, with above-median baseline income, 19.4% in the top baseline self-efficacy quintile had incomes below 150% of poverty at age 70, compared with 27.0% in quintile 1 (p&lt;0.001). Similarly, 5.5% in the highest quintile reported severe work disability (could not work, or limited “a lot”) at age 70 compared to 23.7% in the lowest (p&lt;0.001). Other attitudes showed similar significant patterns. Attitudes in early- to mid-adulthood may contribute importantly to economic well-being and health throughout later life.

scholarly journals Race/ethnicity is an Important Predictor of Life Expectancy in Localized Prostate Cancer Patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Würnschimmel ◽  
Luigi Nocera ◽  
Mike Wenzel ◽  
Claudia Collà Ruvolo ◽  
Zhe Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
External Beam Radiotherapy ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
Localized Prostate Cancer ◽  
Social Security Administration ◽  
Treatment Type ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Abstract PURPOSE:To test the effect of race/ethnicity on Social Security Administration (SSA) life tables’ life-expectancy (LE) predictions in localized prostate cancer (PCa) patients treated with either radical prostatectomy (RP) or external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). We hypothesized that LE will be affected by race/ethnicity. PATIENTS AND METHODS:We relied on the 2004-2006 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database to identify D’Amico intermediate- and high-risk PCa patients treated with either RP or EBRT. SSA life tables were used to compute 10-year LE predictions and were compared to OS. Stratification was performed according to treatment type (RP/EBRT) and race/ethnicity (Caucasian, African-American, Hispanic/Latino and Asian). RESULTS:Of 55,383 assessable patients, 40,490 were Caucasian (RP 49.3% vs. EBRT 50.7%), 7,194 African-American (RP 41.3% vs. EBRT 50.7%), 4,716 Hispanic/Latino (RP 51.0% vs. EBRT 49.0%) and 2,983 were Asian (RP 41.6% vs. EBRT 58.4%). In both RP and EBRT patients, OS exceeded life tables’ LE predictions, except for African-Americans. However, in RP patients, the magnitude of the difference was greater than in EBRT. Moreover, in RP patients, OS of African-Americans virtually perfectly followed predicted LE. Conversely, in EBRT patients, the OS of African-American patients was worse than predicted LE. CONCLUSIONS:OS in RP and EBRT treated PCa patients is invariably better than respective life tables’ derived LE predictions for Caucasians, Hispanic/Latinos and Asians, but not for African-Americans. The recorded survival disadvantage in African-American RP and EBRT patients, and if applicable also in other African-American populations, warrants detailed consideration and possibly corrective measures.

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