Nonprofit Entrepreneurship: Gender Differences in Strategy and Practice

2021 ◽  
pp. 089976402199943
Author(s):  
Leonor Camarena ◽  
Mary K. Feeney ◽  
Jesse Lecy
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Financial Capital ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Social Entrepreneurs ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Nonprofit Entrepreneurship

There is evidence of meaningful gender differences in behaviors, resources, and outcomes for traditional and social entrepreneurs. We examine if these differences exist among nonprofit entrepreneurs—those who found organizations in a sector where women outnumber men and the activities of many nonprofits are perceived as feminine. Using survey data from 667 nonprofit founders, we investigate human, social, and financial capital differences between men and women. We find no gender differences in human capital before starting a nonprofit. We find gendered differences in founding approaches—women are more likely to take on full-time roles during the start-up phase and utilize volunteers, while men take on more financial debt. Although gender differences between nonprofit founders are not as extensive as those found among traditional and social entrepreneurs, our findings indicate more equitable opportunities for female nonprofit entrepreneurs. These findings highlight the opportunities for interrogating the gendering of nonprofit development.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN REMITTANCE BEHAVIOR: EVIDENCE FROM VIETNAM

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (02) ◽  
pp. 215-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
YOKO NIIMI ◽  
BARRY REILLY
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Tobit Models ◽  
Remittance Behavior

This paper investigates the role of gender in remittance behavior among migrants using the 2004 Vietnam Migration Survey data. The gender dimension to remittance behavior has not featured strongly in the existing literature and our findings thus contain novel appeal. In addition, we use estimates from both homoscedastic and heteroscedastic tobit models to decompose the raw gender difference in remittances into treatment and endowment components. We find little evidence that gender differences in remittances are attributable to behavioral differences between men and women, and this finding is invariant to whether the homoscedastic or heteroscedastic tobit is used in estimation.

The Bake Collective – making a delicious difference

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Zoha A. Karmali ◽  
Meena Galliara ◽  
Manjari Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Social Enterprise ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Social Enterprises ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Growth Strategies ◽  
Social Entrepreneurs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
Start Up

Subject area Social Entrepreneurship. Study level/applicability This case study can be used on the module on introduction to social entrepreneurship for postgraduate students specializing in Social Entrepreneurship or Social Work. Case overview This case explores the difference between social entrepreneurship and idealism. It captures the journey of Charlene Vaz and Kavita Gonsalves, two passionate young women, who formed “The Bake Collective” (TBC). Kavita and Charlene are both full-time employees, who spend their weekends and evenings running TBC and through bake sells raise funds for supporting social causes. The women have been able to get a teacher hired for differently abled children, provide water purifiers to victims of the Nepal earthquake, furnish a classroom in a school for less privileged children and provide teaching material for schools in over 400 villages in the State of Maharashtra in India. The case highlights the power of volunteering for a cause that can result in developing a social enterprise. It helps to unfold the steps undertaken to kick-start the cause as well as the risks involved in the start-up stage. It also discusses the measures that can be taken to mitigate the risks in the start-up phase and the ways by which social entrepreneurs can scale and grow their programme. Expected learning outcomes From this case, students will learn about the factors that lead to the germination of a social enterprise and identify characteristics of social entrepreneurs. They will be able to understand critical factors required to sustain start-up enterprises. The case will also enable students to explore systems and processes that need to be designed to sustain the start-up phase. Further, the case will help students to brainstorm on growth strategies for social enterprises. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email [email protected] to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.

Religion and earnings: evidence from Germany

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 841-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Sinnewe ◽  
Michael Kortt ◽  
Todd Steen
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Wage Premium ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
First Results ◽  
Full Time Employment

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to estimate the association between religious affiliation and the rate of return to human capital for German men and women. Design/methodology/approach – This paper employs data from the 1997, 2003, 2007 and 2011 waves of the German Socio-Economic Panel for German men and women in full-time employment between the age of 25 and 54. The association between religious affiliation and wages was estimated using a conventional human capital model. Findings – This paper finds that Catholic men (women) received a wage premium of 4 per cent (3 per cent) relative to their Protestant counterparts, even after controlling for an extensive range of demographic, economic and social characteristics. Originality/value – The study contributes to the literature by providing – to the best of the authors’ knowledge – the first results on the wage premium received by Catholic men and women in the German labour market.

The Gendered Pastor

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-42
Author(s):  
Katie Lauve-Moon
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Senior Pastor ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gendered Division Of Labor

Chapter 1 first provides a historical account of events leading to the formation of the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship (CBF). It also serves as the theoretical foundation of the book and offers an in-depth description of Acker’s concept of gendered jobs. This chapter presents quantitative data illustrating the gendered division of labor across the entire CBF and utilizes survey data to explore congregants’ conceptions of the ideal pastor in relation to gender. This chapter illustrates how the position of senior pastor conflates with leadership and authority and, therefore, is inherently masculinized despite some feminized expectations. This means that if congregants assume essential gender differences between men and women beyond anatomy, then women will be less likely to secure these positions.

What We Do Not Know: Answers From the SIOP Income and for Peer Review Employment Survey

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-410
Author(s):  
Brandy Parker ◽  
Anna Wiggins ◽  
Erin Richard ◽  
Natalie Wright ◽  
Kristl Davison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Institutional Research ◽  
Research Committee ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Market Factors ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Employment Survey

Gardner, Ryan, and Snoeyink (2018) emphasize the need to assess human capital and market factors that may contribute to gender differences in income and suggest that such data are not readily available. As members of the Institutional Research Committee, we thought it important to provide some evidence addressing the focal article's main points using what data are available. Specifically, we conducted ad hoc analyses using data from the 2016 SIOP Income and Employment Survey, with the intent of providing additional context related to employment and compensation for industrial and organizational (I-O) psychologists. Our sample included only respondents who indicated that they worked full time and who provided their gender (n = 1,069). These analyses answer Gardner et al.’s call to examine factors that explain the income gap between men and women within the field.

scholarly journals The continuum of election violence: Gendered candidate experiences in the Maldives

2021 ◽  
pp. 019251212097711
Author(s):  
Elin Bjarnegård
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Full Range ◽  
External Observer ◽  
National Elections ◽  
Political Candidates ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women Candidates ◽  
Election Violence ◽  
The Continuum

Research on election violence often does not capture its psychological and gendered dimensions. Gender differences on the continuum of violence, as acknowledged in other fields, are applied here to election violence. Specifically, this article explores ways to unveil the forms of election violence that are hidden from the view of an external observer because they are either not carried out in public or not recognized as violence. Survey data and interview material was collected from men and women political candidates participating in the 2014 national elections in the Maldives. The study concludes that the continuum of violence is relevant for adequately assessing the full range of illegitimate acts used against men and women candidates to affect electoral races. Women candidates in the Maldives were more exposed than men candidates to threats and to verbal and figurative sexualized aggression.

scholarly journals What Accounts for the Rising Share of Women in the Top 1%?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard V. Burkhauser ◽  
Nicolas Herault ◽  
Stephen P. Jenkins ◽  
Roger Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Secular Change ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
Top Incomes ◽  
Extensive Information

The share of women in the top 1% of the UK’s income distribution has been growing over the last two decades (as in several other countries). Our first contribution is to account for this secular change using regressions of the probability of being in the top 1%, fitted separately for men and women, in order to contrast between the sexes the role of changes in characteristics and changes in returns to characteristics. We show that the rise of women in the top 1% is primarily accounted for by their greater increases (relative to men) in the number of years spent in full-time education. Although most top income analysis uses tax return data, we derive our findings taking advantage of the much more extensive information about personal characteristics that is available in survey data. Our use of survey data requires justification given survey under-coverage of top incomes. Providing this justification is our second contribution. (Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper)

Equal Victims or the Usual Suspects? Making Sense of Domestic Abuse Against Men

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gadd ◽  
Stephen Farrall ◽  
Damian Dallimore ◽  
Nancy Lombard
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Domestic Abuse ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Crime Statistics ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
Key Questions

This article reports on research commissioned to address the topic of domestic abuse against men in Scotland. The research addressed three key questions: (1) Why do male victims appear much more frequently in crime survey data than in recorded crime statistics? (2) Are there significant differences in the nature and frequency of domestic abuse experienced by men and women? (3) In what kinds of relationships does domestic abuse against men occur? The article explains that the relative absence of male victims in the domestic abuse statistics gathered by the Scottish police can be accounted for in terms of gender differences in experiences of victimisation and reporting patterns. Drawing upon in-depth interview material elicited from a sample of men originally counted as ‘male victims’ in the Scottish Crime Survey, the article also argues that statistics collated on the basis of crime survey data overstate men's experiences of domestic abuse. The article concludes with a discussion of the methodological and policy implications that should be drawn from this finding.

The gender gap in voter turnout: An artefact of men’s over-reporting in survey research?

2021 ◽  
pp. 136914812110568
Author(s):  
Daniel Stockemer ◽  
Aksel Sundstrom
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Survey Research ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Moderate Evidence ◽  
Official Records ◽  
Cross National

Is there a gender gap in voting? Most cross-national survey research on gender inequalities in voter turnout finds that men have a higher probability to vote than women. Yet, some studies using validated turnout data shed some doubt on this finding. We revisit the question of a gender gap in voting using official records. In more detail, we compare the gender gap in turnout between survey data and official electoral figures across 73 elections. Our results highlight that in surveys, men still report higher turnout in most countries. However, official electoral figures reveal contrasting trends: across countries, women are, on average, more likely to vote. We also test two explanations for this difference in turnout between official figures and surveys: (1) men over-report voting more than women and (2) the survey samples of men and women are different. We find some, albeit very moderate, evidence for the first explanation. We find some, albeit very moderate, evidence for the first explanation and no support for the second explanation. All in all, our research nevertheless suggests that scholars should be careful in using surveys to detect gender differences in voting.

DOES THE BUSINESS START-UP PROCESS DIFFER BY GENDER? - A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF NASCENT ENTREPRENEURS

1998 ◽  
Vol 06 (04) ◽  
pp. 347-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
GRY AGNETE ALSOS ◽  
ELISABET LJUNGGREN
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Nascent Entrepreneurs ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Starting A Business

In Scandinavia, several policy programs have been directed at increasing the number of women entrepreneurs. These programs appear to build on the idea that women have particular problems in the business start-up process, leading to a lower probability among nascent women entrepreneurs of actually starting a business. This study investigates whether there are gender differences with regard to what nascent entrepreneurs do during their business start-up processes. Using longitudinal data, we also examine to what extent men and women who attempt to start a business succeed in actually doing so. The findings show some gender differences in the start-up process; however these do not lead to lower start-up probabilities for women. Hence there is no evidence that women are less effective business founders than men.

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