scholarly journals Kinematics of wings from Caudipteryx to modern birds

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440622110487
Author(s):  
Yaser Saffar Talori ◽  
Jing-Shan Zhao ◽  
Jingmai K O'Connor
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Wing Beat ◽  
Wing Morphology ◽  
Wing Area ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Air Speed ◽  
Fossil Data

This study seeks to better quantify the parameters that drove the evolution of flight from non-volant winged dinosaurs to modern birds. In order to explore this issue, we used fossil data to model the feathered forelimbs of Caudipteryx, the most basal non-volant maniraptoran dinosaur with elongated pennaceous feathers that could be described as forming proto-wings. In order to quantify the limiting flight factors, we created three hypothetical wing profiles for Caudipteryx with incrementally larger wingspans. We compared them with what revealed through fossils in wing morphology. These four models were analyzed under varying air speed, wing beat amplitude, and wing beat frequency to determine lift, thrust potential, and metabolic requirements. We tested these models using theoretical equations in order to mathematically describe the evolutionary changes observed during the evolution of modern birds from a winged terrestrial theropod like Caudipteryx. Caudipteryx could not fly, but this research indicates that with a large enough wing span, Caudipteryx-like animal could have flown. The results of these analyses mathematically confirm that during the evolution of energetically efficient powered flight in derived maniraptorans, body weight had to decrease and wing area/wing profile needed to increase together with the flapping angle and surface area for the attachment of the flight muscles. This study quantifies the morphological changes that we observe in the pennaraptoran fossil record in the overall decrease in body size in paravians, the increased wing surface area in Archaeopteryx relative to Caudipteryx, and changes observed in the morphology of the thoracic girdle, namely, the orientation of the glenoid and the enlargement of the sternum.

scholarly journals Kinematics of wings from Caudipteryx to modern birds

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaser Saffar Talori ◽  
Jing-Shan Zhao ◽  
Jingmai Kathleen O’Connor
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Shoulder Girdle ◽  
Wing Beat ◽  
Wing Morphology ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Air Speed ◽  
Fossil Data

AbstractThis study seeks to better quantify the parameters that drove the evolution of flight from nonvolant winged dinosaurs to modern birds. In order to explore this issue, we used fossil data to model the feathered forelimb of Caudipteryx, the most basal non-volant maniraptoran dinosaur with elongate pennaceous feathers that could be described as forming proto-wings. In order to quantify the limiting flight factors, we created three hypothetical wing profiles for Caudipteryx representing incrementally larger wingspans, which we compared to the actual wing morphology as what revealed through fossils. These four models were analyzed under varying air speed, wing beat amplitude, and wing beat frequency to determine lift, thrust potential and metabolic requirements. We tested these models using theoretical equations in order to mathematically describe the evolutionary changes observed during the evolution of modern birds from a winged terrestrial theropod like Caudipteryx. Caudipteryx could not fly, but this research indicates that with a large enough wing span Caudipteryx-like animal could have flown, the morphology of the shoulder girdle would not actually accommodate the necessary flapping angle and metabolic demands would be much too high to be functional. The results of these analyses mathematically confirm that during the evolution of energetically efficient powered flight in derived maniraptorans, body weight had to decrease and wing area/wing profile needed to increase together with the flapping angle and surface area for the attachment of the flight muscles. This study quantifies the morphological changes that we observe in the pennaraptoran fossil record in the overall decrease in body size in paravians, the increased wing surface area in Archaeopteryx relative to Caudipteryx, and changes observed in the morphology of the thoracic girdle, namely the orientation of the glenoid and the enlargement of the sternum.

Functional aspects of flight in belostomatid bugs (Heteroptera)

1966 ◽  
Vol 164 (994) ◽  
pp. 21-39 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Spike Activity ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Motor Units ◽  
Nerve Trunk ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wing Beat ◽  
Wing Beat Frequency ◽  
Flight Muscles

1. There are four pairs of fibrillar muscles in the mesothorax of the Belostomatidae. The dorsal longitudinal muscles provide power for the downstroke and automatic pronation of the wings. The dorso-ventral muscles provide upstroke power and automatic supination. The oblique dorsal muscles act mainly as wing supinators; they are also important in the wing unlocking process. The fourth pair of fibrillar flight muscles are basalars which act indirectly via an insertion on the pre-episterna; their action is that of an accessory wing depressor and pronator. The only direct flight muscles in the mesothorax are the tonic wing-folding muscles which insert on the third axillary sclerites. There are no fibrillar flight muscles in the metathorax. 2. The pterothorax contains a fused meso- and metathoracic ganglion. The most anterior nerve trunk from this ganglion provides the motor supply to the dorsal longitudinal and oblique dorsal muscles. There are no recurrent nerves between pro- and pterothoracic ganglia, yet some of the motor neurons of the dorsal longitudinal and oblique dorsal muscles are located anterior to the pterothoracic ganglion. This is not true of the motor neurons of any of the other pterothoracic muscles. There are at least three motor units in each oblique dorsal muscle and five or more in each dorsal longitudinal muscle. The anterior nerve trunk of the pterothoracic ganglion also supplies a sensory nerve to the wings and a small nerve which sup­plies the mesothoracic scolopophorous organ which probably monitors the flight rhythm. The second nerve trunk of the pterothoracic ganglion supplies all of the other mesothoracic muscles and sends one nerve to the mesothoracic legs. 3. Wing-beat frequency for a specimen of L. maximus 105 mm long and weighing 23·4 g was 21-25/s at 23-24°C. For Hydrocyrius 57 mm long and weighing 2·9 g wing beat was 30/s. For L. uhleri typical values are 42 mm long, 1·7 g weight and wing-beat frequency of 38/s. 4. The fibrillar muscles all display strong spike activity coincident with wing opening. The wings may be held open indefinitely without flight and fibrillar muscle activity then subsides to a lower level within a few seconds. Once open, the wings may be held open in the absence of any muscle activity. When flight is initiated directly from closed wings a phasic burst of spikes is recorded initially from the fibrillar muscles but this subsides quickly to a lower level characteristic of steady flight. When flight is initiated from open wings and these muscles are already active electrically there is no change in pattern of spike activity signalling start of flight. In steady flight the pattern of spike activity is irregular and bears no temporal rela­tionship to the regular wing beat. The activity of motor units from each muscle of a pair or from different fibrillar muscles also show random temporal relationships.

Simultaneous Recordings of Torque, Thrust and Muscle Spikes from the Fly Musca domestica during Optomotor Responses

1978 ◽  
Vol 33 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 455-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred Spüler ◽  
Gerhard Heide
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Spike Activity ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Wing Beat ◽  
Wing Beat Frequency ◽  
Direct Flight ◽  
Flight Muscles

Abstract A new torque/thrust meter is described. Torque, thrust, wing-beat frequency and spike activity in direct flight muscles are recorded simultaneously during optomotor responses of the fly Musca domestica.

Thermoregulation in Small Flies (Syrphus Sp.): Basking and Shivering

1975 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-610
Author(s):  
BERND HEINRICH ◽  
CURT PANTLE
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Vibration Frequencies ◽  
Wing Beat ◽  
Hovering Flight ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Thoracic Temperature ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Vibration Rate

1. Flies of the genus Syrphus aggregated at specific sites in the field (‘lecks’). Flies at leeks were always capable of ‘instant’ take-of, even at ambient temperatures of 10 °C or less. 2. The flies regulated their thoracic temperature by a combination of basking and shivering. During hovering flight in sunshine thoracic temperature rose 12–14 °C above the ambient temperature. 3. The flies engaged in frequent brief chases while at the lecks. 4. At an air temperature > 18 °C the flies at the leck remained in hovering flight most of the time. 5. The vibration frequencies of the thorax during shivering and flight ranged from about 100 to 200 Hz at 10–27 °C, though at a given temperature and spike frequency the vibration rate during warm-up was higher than the wing-beat frequency (assumed to be the same as thoracic vibration frequency) during flight. 6. During shivering, but not in flight, there is a tendency for the indirect flight muscles to be activated in synchrony.

The Supply of Oxygen to the Active Flight Muscles of some Large Beetles

1966 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. MILLER
Keyword(s):  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Wing Beat ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
Air Sacs ◽  
Tethered Flight ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Wing Stroke ◽  
Stroke Amplitude ◽  
Comparable Size

1. Measurements of the wing-beat frequency, wing-stroke amplitude and stroke plane and of abdominal ventilation have been made during the tethered flight of twenty-six species of beetles belonging to five families, mainly in Uganda. 2. Abdominal ventilation is weak or absent in all species of Cerambycidae, Elateridae and Anthribidae examined in flight. The tracheal system in these families is characterized by the complete absence of air sacs, and in larger species by the presence of four giant trunks running through the metathorax between spiracles 2 and 3 and forming the primary supply to the flight muscles. 3. Abdominal ventilation is strong during the flight of all species over 0.6 g. in weight of the Scarabaeidae and Buprestidae which were examined. Their tracheal systems contain an abundance of air sacs while giant trunks are absent. 4. Measurements of the thoracic volume changes which accompany each wing beat show that the amount of air which can be pumped in this way increases in larger Cerambycidae per second per gram as compared with small species. Large Cerambycidae pump more per gram than Scarabaeidae of comparable size. 5. During the flight of the cerambycid Petrognatha the thoracic pump exchanges 540 µl. air/sec./g. Its action is mainly on the compressible secondary tracheae. In a wind speed of 5 m./sec. 1050µl. air/sec./g. are driven through the four giant trunks, entering through spiracle 2 and leaving from spiracle 3. The trunks are stout-walled and probably unaffected by the thoracic pump.

Changes in the wing-beat frequency of bees and wasps depending on environmental conditions: a study with optical sensors

Apidologie ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio R. S. Parmezan ◽  
Vinicius M. A. Souza ◽  
Indrė Žliobaitė ◽  
Gustavo E. A. P. A. Batista
Keyword(s):  
Optical Sensors ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Wing Beat ◽  
Wing Beat Frequency

Physico-Chemical and Morphological Changes of Sayong Kaolinite Clay Treated with Sulphuric Acid for Enzyme Immobilization

2013 ◽  
Vol 832 ◽  
pp. 589-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.A. Edama ◽  
A. Sulaiman ◽  
K.H. Ku Hamid ◽  
M.N. Muhd Rodhi ◽  
Mohibah Musa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Enzyme Immobilization ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Kaolinite Clay ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mineral Oxides ◽  
Physico Chemical

This study analyzed the effects of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) treatment on pysico-chemical properties and morphological changes of clay obtained from Sg. Sayong, Perak. The clay was ground and sieved to <150μm and treated with different concentrations of H2SO4. The treatment was completed by refluxing the clay with different concentration of H2SO4 (1M, 5M and 10M ) at 100 °C for 4 hours and followed by calcination at 500 °C for 1 hour. The physic-chemical properties and morphological changes of the untreated and treated clay were compared using Surface Area Analyser, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Micrograph (FESEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that acid treatment of 5M increased the surface area from 25 m2/g to 75 m2/g and the pore volume increased from 0.1518 cc/g to 0.3546 cc/g. The nanopore size of the clay decreased from 24.8 nm to 19.4 nm after treated with acid. This can be explained due to the elimination of the exchangeable cations and generation of microporosity. The results of XRF showed SiO2 increased from 58.34% to 74.52% and Al2O3 reduced from 34.6% to 18.31%. The mineral oxides such as Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, K2O and TiO2 also reduced. This concluded that H2SO4 treatment has led to significant removal of octahedral Al3+, Fe3+ cations and other impurities. In conclusion, this study showed the physico-chemical properties and morphology of Sayong clay were improved once treated with H2SO4 and therefore suggests better supporting material for enzyme immobilization.

scholarly journals Evolution of the wave: aerodynamic and aposematic functions of butterfly wing motion

2007 ◽  
Vol 274 (1612) ◽  
pp. 913-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B Srygley
Keyword(s):  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Warning Signal ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Butterfly Species ◽  
Wing Beat ◽  
Butterfly Wing ◽  
Motion Cues ◽  
Wing Beat Frequency ◽  
Wing Motion ◽  
Heliconius Cydno

Many unpalatable butterfly species use coloration to signal their distastefulness to birds, but motion cues may also be crucial to ward off predatory attacks. In previous research, captive passion-vine butterflies Heliconius mimetic in colour pattern were also mimetic in motion. Here, I investigate whether wing motion changes with the flight demands of different behaviours. If birds select for wing motion as a warning signal, aposematic butterflies should maintain wing motion independently of behavioural context. Members of one mimicry group ( Heliconius cydno and Heliconius sapho ) beat their wings more slowly and their wing strokes were more asymmetric than their sister-species ( Heliconius melpomene and Heliconius erato , respectively), which were members of another mimicry group having a quick and steady wing motion. Within mimicry groups, wing beat frequency declined as its role in generating lift also declined in different behavioural contexts. In contrast, asymmetry of the stroke was not associated with wing beat frequency or behavioural context—strong indication that birds process and store the Fourier motion energy of butterfly wings. Although direct evidence that birds respond to subtle differences in butterfly wing motion is lacking, birds appear to generalize a motion pattern as much as they encounter members of a mimicry group in different behavioural contexts.

Aerodynamics of Gliding Flight of a Black Vulture Coragyps Atratus

1970 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. CHRISTIAN PARROTT
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Wing Area ◽  
Drag Coefficients ◽  
Wing Span ◽  
Drag Forces ◽  
Gliding Flight ◽  
Black Vulture ◽  
Air Speed

1. A black vulture (mass = 1.79 kg) gliding freely in a wind tunnel adjusted its wing span and wing area as its air speed and glide angle changed from 9.9 to 16.8 m/s and from 4.8° to 7.9°, respectively. 2. The minimum sinking speed was 1.09 m/s at an air speed of 11.3 m/s. 3. The maximum ratio of lift to drag forces was 11.6 at an air speed of 13.9 m/s. 4. Parasite drag coefficients for the vulture are similar to those for conventional airfoils and do not support the contention that black vultures have unusually low values of parasite drag.

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