Investigation of chest biomechanical response by variation of restraint loads in frontal impact

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (5) ◽  
pp. 1377-1388
Author(s):  
Sen Xiao ◽  
Yanchao Qie ◽  
Wu Chen ◽  
Jikuang Yang ◽  
Jeff R Crandall
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Chest Injury ◽  
Frontal Impact ◽  
Design And Optimization ◽  
Load Paths ◽  
Load Factors ◽  
Deflection Analysis ◽  
Injury Outcomes

The seatbelt restraint load is one of the primary sources of occupant chest injury. Thus, studying the different biomechanical responses of chest by varying the seatbelt loads will result in a significant improvement in seatbelt protection performance. Based on the high-biofidelity mechanical dummy model, a sled-dummy test was conducted to investigate the differences in chest injury outcomes caused by the variation of seatbelt load paths or load processes. The chest kinematics and kinetics are compared to determine the influence of load factors on these biomechanical outcomes. Results show that chest injury severity has a positive nonlinear correlation with impact speed. However, the injury risk is mainly determined by the seatbelt peak load in the chest deflection analysis. The results of this study can provide a reference to seatbelt safety design and optimization. The model and method can be used in other research works on the biomechanics of frontal impact.

Effects of sedan wheelbase size on left rear-seat occupant injury risk in small offset crashes

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440702110536
Author(s):  
Xiuju Yang ◽  
Jiang Luo ◽  
Jianwei Yang ◽  
Shanshan Pu ◽  
Ruizhen Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Rear Seat ◽  
Chest Injury ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Fe Modeling ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Chest Injuries ◽  
Occupant Injury ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of sedan wheelbase size on the kinematics and injury severity of left rear-seat occupants by using the finite element (FE) modeling method. A total of 270 cases with detailed accidental information records were analyzed to define the influence laws of wheelbase size and impact speed on the injury of left rear-seat occupants. First, the THUMS (Ver. 4.0.2) FE model was used to reconstruct two small offset collisions with different wheelbases size and unbelted left rear-seat occupants, and the effectiveness of the accident model was verified. Then, seatbelts were added to the left rear-seat occupant models. Finally, LS-DYNA software was used to study the correlation among head and chest injury and five sedan wheelbases sizes (2300, 2450, 2600, 2750, and 2905 mm) at three impact velocities (54, 64, and 74 km/h). The results showed that the occupants’ chest injuries showed an upward trend at the impact velocity of 64 and 74 km/h when the wheelbases sizes was reduced to 2300 mm. This research illustrated that at higher impact velocities, excessively small wheelbases might increase the chest injury severity of left rear-seat occupants.

Trends in match injury risk in professional male rugby union: a 16-season review of 10 851 match injuries in the English Premiership (2002–2019): the Professional Rugby Injury Surveillance Project

2020 ◽  
pp. bjsports-2020-102529
Author(s):  
Stephen W West ◽  
Lindsay Starling ◽  
Simon Kemp ◽  
Sean Williams ◽  
Matthew Cross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Injury Surveillance ◽  
Injury Incidence ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Common Activity ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
The Mean

ObjectivesThe Professional Rugby Injury Surveillance Project is the largest and longest running rugby union injury surveillance project globally and focuses on the highest level of rugby in England.MethodsWe examined match injuries in professional men’s rugby over the period 2002/2003 to 2018/2019 and described trends in injuries over this time.ResultsOver the period 2002/2003–2018/2019, 10 851 injuries occurred in 1 24 952 hours of match play, equating to a mean of 57 injuries per club per season and one injury per team per match. The mean incidence, severity (days absence) and burden (days absence/1000 hours) of injury were 87/1000 hours (95% CI 82 to 92), 25 days (95% CI 22 to 28) and 2178 days/1000 hours (95% CI 1872 to 2484), respectively. The tackle accounted for 43% injuries with running the second most common activity during injury (12%). The most common injury location was the head/face with an incidence of 11.3/1000 hours, while the location with the highest overall burden was the knee (11.1 days/1000 hours). Long-term trends demonstrated stable injury incidence and proportion of injured players, but an increase in the mean and median severity of injuries. Concussion incidence, severity and burden increased from the 2009/2010 season onwards and from 2011 to 2019 concussion was the most common injury.ConclusionThe rise in overall injury severity and concussion incidence are the most significant findings from this work and demonstrate the need for continued efforts to reduce concussion risk as well as a greater understanding of changes in injury severity over time.

Study on the Difference of Frontal Impact Response among People of Different Sizes

2010 ◽  
Vol 34-35 ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Bo Cao ◽  
Chong Zhen Cui ◽  
Ning Yu Zhu ◽  
Huan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Restraint System ◽  
Frontal Impact ◽  
Occupant Restraint System ◽  
Impact Simulation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Human Body Models ◽  
Multi Body

In this article, seven frontal impact simulation models with same restraint system and different human body models were established through the use of multi-body kinematics software MADYMO. The injuries in head, chest and femurs of different human models and the differences of these injuries were analyzed in detail. The weighted injury criterion was adopted to evaluate the overall injuries of different human body models. The results shows that the injury risk of smaller human body is much higher than the taller human body, and existing occupant restraint system that protects the 50th percentile American occupant well protects other size occupant poorly.

254 Role of Airbag Use on Head Injury Outcomes in Side versus Frontal Impact Car Crashes

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. S92
Author(s):  
S. Eucker ◽  
K. Mutter ◽  
D. Bose ◽  
E. Wu ◽  
M. Sochor
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Frontal Impact ◽  
Car Crashes ◽  
Injury Outcomes

scholarly journals Reliability and Validity of a Novel Muscle Contusion Device

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M. McBrier ◽  
Thomas Neuberger ◽  
Nori Okita ◽  
Andrew Webb ◽  
Neil Sharkey
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Injury ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Peak Displacement ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Load Peak ◽  
Free Falling

Abstract Context: Many models have been employed to replicate skeletal muscle injury associated with trauma; however, most are restricted to 1 level of severity. Objective: To create and validate an injury-producing device that could generate multiple levels of injury severity. Design: Validation study. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-six male Wistar rats, 3 to 4 months old. Intervention(s): A contusion device was developed and its ability to deliver consistent impacts was validated alone and in the presence of an experimental animal. A free-falling mass (267 g) was adjusted to the desired height (40, 50, 60, or 70 cm) and then dropped. Main Outcome Measure(s): Peak load, peak displacement, impulse, energy, and velocity peak were measured. Injury severity was determined using magnetic resonance imaging. Results: Outcome measures observed from the device alone were different by height (F18,136  =  21.807, P < .001, 1−β  =  1.0). Outcomes using the experimental animals were also dependent on height (F14,102  =  68.679, P < .001, 1−β  =  1.0). Linear regression analyses indicated that height accounted for 17% to 89% of the variance. Conclusions: Mild to moderate and moderate to severe injuries can be replicated with this device, which will be useful in evaluating clinical treatments on acute muscle injury.

scholarly journals Injury surveillance in taekwondo and judo during physiotherapy coverage of the seventh all Africa Games

2001 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Phillips ◽  
J. M. Frantz ◽  
S. L. Amosun ◽  
W. Weitz
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Injury Prevention ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Medical Staff ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Upper Limbs ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Type Of Injury

Objective: To obtain data relating to the incidence of injuries sustained during taekwondo and judo competitions at the 7th All Africa Games.Methods: Prospective recording of injuries sustained by athletes who sought physiotherapy services at the games. Details of type of injury, injury sites and injury severity were obtained.Results: Seventy athletes out of 390 participants reported injuries. The overall injury risk ratio was 0.18. Injuries reported were strains/sprains (65,6%), bruises/contusions (16.1%) and dislocations or fractures (12,9%). The upper limbs were more commonly injured. Of the injuries sustained, approximately 18%, 69% and 13% were respectively classified as mild, moderate and severe injuries.Conclusions: The high incidence of moderate to severe injuries highlights the need for injury prevention programs and the presence of medical staff at major tournaments in order to make early diagnosis and appropriate intervention.

An Optimization Design of Knee Airbag for Driver Protection from Inter-City Coach Frontal Impact

2014 ◽  
Vol 945-949 ◽  
pp. 40-43
Author(s):  
Han Yu Wang ◽  
Ji Kuang Yang ◽  
Xiao Qing Jiang ◽  
Li Li
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithms ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Optimization Design ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Lower Extremities ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Frontal Impact ◽  
Multi Objective

<strong>In order to </strong><strong>reduce the injury risk of driver’s lower extremities, a driver knee airbag was de</strong><strong>veloped</strong><strong> and optimized by</strong><strong> using mathematical models</strong><strong>. The influence of eight design parameters of belt and knee airbag on the injuries of driver’s lower extremities was analyzed. The </strong><strong>result </strong><strong>shows that the key influence factors</strong><strong> </strong><strong>are</strong><strong> sensitive to the injuries of lower extremity</strong><strong>, including initiation </strong><strong>timing </strong><strong>of knee airbag,</strong><strong> the strap length of knee airbag and area coefficient for the exhaust openings of knee airbag</strong><strong>. Based on multi-objective genetic algorithms</strong><strong>,</strong><strong> an optimization of the knee airbag was conducted in terms of the three factors. After optimization, the injury risk of driver’s lower extremities is greatly reduced.</strong><strong></strong>

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