Causes of Weight Loss in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 234-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
C D Summerbell ◽  
J P Perrett ◽  
B G Gazzard
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Oral Lesions ◽  
Drug Related Problems ◽  
Unexplained Weight Loss ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Loss Of Appetite

The medical records of all 420 patients attending an outpatient clinic between June 1990 and June 1991 were retrospectively reviewed for causes of weight loss. Of the 121 (29%) patients who had lost weight, the majority had a clear contributing cause; opportunistic infections ( n = 57), psychosocial factors ( n = 20), drug related problems ( n = 9). Unexplained weight loss ( n = 35) was more likely to have occurred in those patients with a better preserved immune system and most of these had symptoms suggestive of an unconfirmed infection or had local oral lesions associated with a loss of appetite. Unexplained weight loss associated with HIV infection is uncommon.

scholarly journals Developing AIDS – The Dangerous Conjugation and Transformation of HIV : An In-depth Analysis

1970 ◽  
pp. 157-166
Author(s):  
K Bulbul Sarwar
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Aids

HIV/AIDS spreads so quickly and so destructively that it supersedes all disasters ever attacks human civilization. No branch of scientists can declare them aloof or abstain from it. So the agriculturists are very closely concern with its research-issues, nutritional remedies and agro-based care. We know, HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It is the virus that causes AIDS. A member of a group of viruses called retroviruses, HIV infects human cells and uses the energy and nutrients provided by those cells to grow and reproduce. AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It is a disease in which the body's immune system breaks down and is unable to fight off infections, known as "opportunistic infections," and other illnesses that take advantage of a weakened immune system. Opportunistic infections are various in types and it needs not only the care from health professionals rather it deserves agriculturists, nutritionists and social scientists to combat together. When a person is infected with HIV, the virus enters the body and lives and multiplies primarily in the white blood cells. These are immune cells that normally protect us from disease. The hallmark of HIV infection is the progressive loss of a specific type of immune cell called T-helper, or CD4 cells. As the virus grows, it damages or kills these and other cells, weakening the immune system and leaving the person vulnerable to various opportunistic infections and other illnesses ranging from pneumonia to cancer. Understanding how the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) works inside the human cell gives all scientists important ways about how to attack it at its most vulnerable points and clues to start research. Knowing the secrets of how the virus functions and reproduces itself -- a process called its ‘life-cycle'- can help scientists design new drugs and nutritional supplements those are more effective at suppressing HIV and support the affected lives. This study will draw a clear and easy-to-understand picture for every scientist, obviously the agriculturists too, being alert and keeping their lives safe from this fatal conjugation of HIV and help to invent natural and/or plant remedies to prevent or suspend HIV's aggression, as long as we concern. Key words: HIV, AIDS, retro virus, HIV viral transformation. DOI = 10.3329/jard.v5i1.1473 J Agric Rural Dev 5(1&2), 157-166, June 2007

scholarly journals HIV infection in the west region of Pará

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. e38938
Author(s):  
Carla Beatriz Bezerra Melo ◽  
Jord Thyego Simplício De Lima ◽  
Juciele Faria Silva ◽  
Erek Fonseca Da Silva ◽  
João Guilherme Pontes Lima Assy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Western Region ◽  
Detectable Viral Load ◽  
The West ◽  
Reference Center ◽  
West Region ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Aims: knowledge of the patient’s profile, for the evaluation and suggested behaviors, promotes a favorable outcome. Thus, the objective of the study is to analyze the socioeconomic, clinical, and immunological characteristics of patients infected by the human immunodeficiency virus in the western region of the state of Pará.Methods: were analyzed 1966 medical records of patients whose first visit to a reference center, in the municipality of Santarém-PA, was between 1998 and 2018. Socioeconomic, clinical, and immunological information was collected from patient medical records. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, adopting p <0.05.Results: there was a predominance of males (62.5%), aged 20-39 years (69.1%), elementary school (58.6%), single (57.3%), and employed (66.4%). Immunosuppression was present in 22% of patients and a viral load was detectable in 66%. Tuberculosis (37%) and toxoplasmosis (23%) predominated as opportunistic infections, and syphilis (62.6%) and human papillomavirus (HPV; 14%) as other infections.Conclusions: it is concluded that both opportunistic infections and other infections were present in 25-22% of the patients and that the presence of opportunistic infections favors the installation of another infection, or vice versa. Toxoplasmosis, HPV, and syphilis are positively associated with men, and toxoplasmosis and tuberculosis with age >35 years. Immunosuppression was shown to be positively associated with men and age >35 years, as well as favoring the onset of tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, and detectable viral load.

scholarly journals Markers predicting progression of human immunodeficiency virus-related disease.

1994 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
C M Tsoukas ◽  
N F Bernard
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Surrogate Marker ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Surrogate Markers ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) interacts with the immune system throughout the course of infection. For most of the disease process, HIV activates the immune system, and the degree of activation can be assessed by measuring serum levels of molecules such as beta 2-microglobulin and neopterin, as well as other serum and cell surface phenotype markers. The levels of some of these markers correlate with clinical progression of HIV disease, and these markers may be useful as surrogate markers for development of clinical AIDS. Because the likelihood and timing of development of clinical AIDS following seroconversion, for any particular individual, are not readily predictable, the use of nonclinical disease markers has become critically important to patient management. Surrogate markers of HIV infection are, by definition, measurable traits that correlate with disease progression. An ideal marker should identify patients at highest risk of disease progression, provide information on how long an individual has been infected, help in staging HIV disease, predict development of opportunistic infections associated with AIDS, monitor the therapeutic efficacy of immunomodulating or antiviral treatments, and the easily quantifiable, reliable, clinically available, and affordable. This review examines the current state of knowledge and the role of surrogate markers in the natural history and treatment of HIV infection. The clinical usefulness of each marker is assessed with respect to the criteria outlined for the ideal surrogate marker for HIV disease progression.

scholarly journals Correlation between oral lesions and opportunistic infections among human immunodeficiency virus — infected individuals in Indian population

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 124-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yatish Kumar Sanadhya ◽  
Sudhanshu Sanadhya ◽  
Ramesh Nagarajappa ◽  
Sorabh Jain ◽  
Pankaj Aapaliya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Oral Lesions ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

scholarly journals ORAL INJURIES IN A PATIENTE WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) INFECTION: A CASE REPORT

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Talita Alves De Souza ◽  
Thamires Rodrigues Guedes ◽  
Érica Da Silva Carvalho ◽  
Ângela Xavier Monteiro ◽  
Tirza Almeida Da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
Oral Lesions ◽  
Keywords Hiv ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Aids

The first cases of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) were reported in 1981 in patients with a high decline in immune response. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can manifest itself through various signs and symptoms. The oral cavity is an extremely important way for diagnosis and prognosis, because oral lesions may present as clinical signs of disease progression or ineffective antiretroviral treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate, diagnose and intervene in the oral lesions present in a patient with HIV infection. A case report study was conducted on a patient treated at the Dr. Antônio Comte Telles Polyclinic (Specialized Assistance Service for HIV / AIDS) in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Lesions found in the patient were Leukemia, Smoker's Melanosis and Oral Candidiasis, the latter being treated with tongue hygiene and application of VegelipR associated with laser therapy. It was observed that the treatment was effective and in five sessions there was improvement in the lesion. Oral manifestations are closely related to the HIV virus, since they may be associated with infection and / or disease progression, indicating deficiency in the immune system, as well as interruption of antiretroviral treatment. Candidiasis is an opportunistic infection that, if properly diagnosed and treated, contributes to the improvement of the immune system. It is concluded that the knowledge of the dentist regarding the pathologies and their manifestations is important, as well as a multidisciplinary work in the reference centers for HIV.  Keywords: HIV, AIDS, Oral Injury, Dentistry.

scholarly journals Relations of Antiretroviral Combinations to CD4 Levels of HIV TB Patiens in RSUD H.Abdul Manap Jambi

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
Jelly Permatasari ◽  
Indri Meirista ◽  
Hamira Bafadhal
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Hiv Replication ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Hiv Progression ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship

The cases of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection are increasing every year. This case is a disease that is very rapidly transmitted throughout the world. HIV increases the risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) and conversely TB infection increases HIV progression. In 2017, it is estimated that 10 million people have HIV TB. Combination of antiretrovirals is the basis for the management of antiretroviral therapy for HIV / AIDS patients, because it can reduce resistance, suppress HIV replication effectively so that transmission, opportunistic infections and other complications. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between antiretroviral combinations and CD4 levels in outpatient HIV TB patients at RSUD H. Abdul Manap Jambi. This study is a retrospective cohort study using medical records of outpatient HIV TB patients at RSUD H. Abdul Manap Jambi based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Based on research conducted on outpatient HIV TB patients at Abdul Manap Hospital, Jambi, it was found that there was no relationship between antiretroviral combinations and CD4 levels in HIV TB patients, marked by Asimp.Sig 0.778> 0.05.

scholarly journals Some Case Studies of AIDS/HIV Patients in India

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankit Patel
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Unprotected Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Needle Exchange Programs ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

The present study deals with the mental health of AIDS patients. Therefore it is essential that we should have some clear ideas about the scientific nature of AIDS and mental health. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection / Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). During the initial infection, a person may experience a brief period of influenza-like illness. This is typically followed by a prolonged period without symptoms. As the illness progresses, it interferes more and more with the immune system, making the person much more likely to get infections, including opportunistic infections and tumors that do not usually affect people who have working immune systems. HIV is transmitted primarily via unprotected sexual intercourse (including anal and even oral sex), contaminated blood transfusions, hypodermic needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. Some bodily fluids, such as saliva and tears, do not transmit HIV. Prevention of HIV infection, primarily through safe sex and needle-exchange programs, is a key strategy to control the spread of the disease. There is no cure or vaccine; however, antiretroviral treatment can slow the course of the disease and may lead to a near-normal life expectancy. While antiretroviral treatment reduces the risk of death and complications from the disease, these medications are expensive and may be associated with side effects.

Management of diarrhoea in HIV-infected patients

2001 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 630-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amal K Mitra ◽  
Charles D Hernandez ◽  
Charlene A Hernandez ◽  
Zubair Siddiq
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Diarrhoeal Diseases ◽  
Immunocompromised Hosts

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can weaken the immune system causing its inability to combat opportunistic infections. Managing the complexity of these opportunistic infections has created a challenge for healthcare professionals. Our knowledge on the aetiological agents causing opportunistic infections in immunocompromised hosts has increased over the last decade. Diarrhoeal diseases are frequent complications associated with HIV-infected patients. For most of the causes of diarrhoea, the clinical signs are non-specific, and the laboratory diagnostic workup is neither easy nor fast. This review provides data on aetiological approaches of common diarrhoeal diseases including viral, microbacterial, parasitic, bacterial and fungal infections, and HIV enteropathy; diagnostic evaluation; and treatment of diarrhoea in HIV-infected patients. This article will be helpful for those who are in the practice of managing diarrhoea in such patients.

scholarly journals Human immunodeficiency virus infection with multiple opportunistic infections: lessons learnt from a non-adherent patient

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manish Soneja ◽  
Anivita Aggarwal ◽  
Parul Kodan ◽  
Nitin Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection ◽  
Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Pneumocystis Carinii ◽  
Adherent Patient ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Adherence Counselling

Abstract We report a case of advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection with multiple opportunistic infections (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cryptosporidiosis, oesophagal candidiasis and cytomegalovirus infection). The patient was presumed to be adherent on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and was initiated on respective treatments for the opportunistic infections but continued to deteriorate. On further reviewing, he was found to be poorly adherent to ART and was advised enhanced adherence counselling after which his condition improved. We report this case to emphasize the importance of adherence to ART medications in the management of patients with HIV.

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