Auto-brewery syndrome: Ethanol pseudo-toxicity in diabetic and hepatic patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 445-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
EM Hafez ◽  
MA Hamad ◽  
M Fouad ◽  
A Abdel-Lateff
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Headspace Gas

Endogenous alcohol has been applied for spontaneous ethanol production via different metabolic pathways of the human body. Auto-brewery syndrome describes the patients with alcohol intoxication after ingesting carbohydrate-rich meals. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM), liver cirrhosis (LC) and presence of both (DM and LC) on blood alcohol concentration (BAC) especially after carbohydrate ingestion. BAC has been measured by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in three groups of humans namely control, DM, LC and both (DM and LC) groups. The results showed that BAC in control group was 0.01–.3 mg/dL with mean 0.3 ± 0.41 mg/dL. In patients with DM, BAC is significantly higher than that of control group 4.85 ± 3.96 mg/dL. In patients with LC, BAC was 3.45 ± 2.65 mg/dL. In patients with both DM and LC, BAC increases to reach 10.88 ± 5.36 mg/dL. Endogenous ethanol production appears to increase in DM and LC. Also, it increased much more in patients with both diseases, but it did not reach toxic levels. On comparing BAC and blood glucose level in each group, all groups show insignificant correlations ( p > 0.05).

scholarly journals Sex Differences in the Presence and Severity of Alcohol Hangover Symptoms

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 867 ◽  
Author(s):  
van Lawick van Pabst ◽  
Devenney ◽  
Verster
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
Severity Scores ◽  
Alcohol Hangover ◽  
Peak Blood ◽  
Drinking Occasion

Studies have demonstrated significant sex differences in alcohol intoxication effects. In contrast, the majority of studies on the alcohol hangover phase did not investigate sex differences. Therefore, the current study examined possible sex differences in the presence and severity of alcohol hangover symptoms. Data from n = 2446 Dutch students (male = 50.7%, female = 49.3%) were analyzed. They reported the presence and severity of 22 hangover symptoms experienced after their past month heaviest drinking occasion. Subjects were categorized according to their estimated peak blood alcohol concentration (eBAC) and presence and severity of the hangover symptoms were compared between men and women. In the lowest eBAC group (0% ≤ eBAC < 0.08%), no significant sex differences were found. In the subsequent eBAC group (0.08% ≤ eBAC < 0.11%), severity of nausea was significantly higher in women than in men. In the third eBAC group (0.11% ≤ eBAC < 0.2%), women reported higher severity scores on nausea, tiredness, weakness, and dizziness than men. Men reported the presence of confusion significantly more often than women, and women reported the presence of shivering significantly more often than men. In the fourth eBAC group (0.2% ≤ eBAC < 0.3%), women reported higher severity scores on nausea and tiredness than men. In the highest eBAC group (0.3% ≤ eBAC < 0.4%), no significant sex differences were found. In conclusion, across the eBAC groups, severity scores of nausea and tiredness were higher in women than in men. However, albeit statistically significant, the observed sex differences in presence and severity of hangover symptoms were of small magnitude, and therefore, have little clinical relevance.

scholarly journals No effect of moderate alcohol intake on the detection of concealed identity information in the laboratory

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Suchotzki ◽  
Heidi May ◽  
Matthias Gamer
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Concealed Information Test ◽  
Group Assignment ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Moderate Alcohol Intake

AbstractThe Concealed Information Test (CIT) enables the detection of certain (e.g., crime-relevant or personal) information, even if participants aim to conceal their knowledge. The current preregistered study investigated whether previously observed impairing effects of alcohol intoxication on participants’ performance in a reaction time CIT (RT CIT) field study also translate to a laboratory environment. In contrast to the previous study of Suchotzki and Gamer (Sci Rep 8:7825, 2018) in which alcohol consumption was voluntary and self-administered, the current study used a randomized assignment of participants to either an alcohol group (n = 88; receiving a drink with 3 cl alcohol) or a sober control group (n = 89; receiving a drink with just some alcohol drops to hide group assignment). After drink administration, participants completed an RT CIT, in which they were instructed to hide knowledge of their own identity. Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was estimated via breath alcohol ratio. In contrast to the previous field study, results revealed no differences in CIT-performance between intoxicated and sober participants. Aside from questioning the robustness of the result of the previous field study, our results also point to a number of interesting theoretical explanations for the discrepancy between both results, which are elaborated in the discussion.

Ethanol-induced symptoms in patients receiving gemcitabine diluted from a concentrate for solution for infusion containing ethanol

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 511-516
Author(s):  
Raúl Diez-Fernández ◽  
Rocío Vázquez-Sánchez ◽  
Laura López-Esteban ◽  
Santos Enrech-Frances ◽  
Ana María Sánchez-Peña ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Concentration ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Impaired Balance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Symptoms And Signs

Purpose Ethanol as an excipient is used to enhance the solubility of gemcitabine, but, sometimes, the dose of ethanol a patient may be given is much higher than the dose considered to be toxic. We aimed to assess ethanol-related symptoms and signs in patients receiving two formulations of gemcitabine, with and without ethanol. Methods A randomized double blind cross-over study was conducted. All patients being treated with gemcitabine received two consecutive doses of the drug, one diluted from a concentrate for solution for infusion (CSI) containing ethanol and the other from a lyophilized powder, without ethanol, which was used as control group. After each administration, patients were surveyed in order to assess the appearance of any alcohol consumption symptoms (dizziness, difficulty speaking, unsteady walking, impaired balance, mood swings and slower reactions). Widmark formula and the amount of alcohol measured on the breath (breathalyzer) were used to estimate blood alcohol concentration. Results Twenty-four patients received both formulations and were included in the analysis. Mean administered ethanol dose when prepared from CSI was 15.81 ± 2.25 g (mean ± SD). When using CSI gemcitabine, estimated blood ethanol concentration was 0.033 g/dl according to Widmark formula and 0.02 g/dl according to breathalyzer results. Although overall incidence of symptoms was higher in the study group, the difference was not statistically significant (33% vs. 25%; p = 0.53). Conclusions These findings prove there is no difference in the onset of ethanol related symptoms when using CSI instead of lyophilized powder on the reconstitution of gemcitabine.

Illegal substance use among 1,309 music festival attendees: An investigation using oral fluid sample drug tests, breathalysers and questionnaires

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linn Gjersing ◽  
Anne Line Bretteville-Jensen ◽  
Håvard Furuhaugen ◽  
Hallvard Gjerde
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Dance Music ◽  
Electronic Dance Music ◽  
Music Festivals ◽  
Concentration Levels

Aims: Illegal substance use at music festivals is less documented than it is in nightlife and electronic dance music settings. This study investigated such use through questionnaires, breathalysers and oral fluid drug testing. We also examined the associations between testing positive for illegal substances and demographics, self-reported substance use and measured blood alcohol concentration levels. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 1,309 festival attendees from six Norwegian music festivals taking place between July and August 2016. Logistic regression models estimated the likelihood of a positive oral fluid drug test. Covariates were male, age, education, employment, smoking status, early age for alcohol intoxication, alcohol intoxication ⩾2 times a week, past-month and past-year illegal substance use, blood alcohol concentration levels and festivals. Results: Overall, 12% reported illegal substance use in the past 30 days and 11% tested positive for illegal substances. Cannabis (6%), cocaine (3%) and MDMA/ecstasy (2%) were most commonly detected. One-third had a blood alcohol concentration ⩾0.10%. Of those with a positive test result ( n=146), 95% had detectable alcohol levels and 41% had a blood alcohol concentration above 0.10%. Those studying or working part-time were less likely to test positive compared to those who were not employed. Furthermore, those reporting daily smoking and past-year cannabis or MDMA/ecstasy use were more likely to test positive, compared to those not reporting such use. Conclusions: Illegal substance use was less prevalent than in previous nightlife and electronic dance music studies. Almost all those testing positive for illegal substances had detectable alcohol levels and 41% had a blood alcohol concentration greater than 0.10%, possibly indicating combined use.

Absent substance use disorder and survival of extraordinarily high blood alcohol concentration

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s870-s870
Author(s):  
M. Gahr ◽  
H. Graf ◽  
K. Malejko
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Depression ◽  
Gastric Content ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Psychotropic Agent ◽  
Gag Reflex ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Very High

IntroductionIntoxications with alcohol are very frequent in clinical psychiatry and may lead to death depending on (maximum) blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and accompanying factors as liver function, tolerance, comedication, etc. Death may occur due to ethanol-induced respiratory depression and/or aspiration of gastric content (due to an impaired gag reflex); thus, securing of the airway and ventilation are occasionally necessary.Objectives/aimsTo illustrate the broad range of clinical outcomes of alcohol intoxications and their adequate therapy.MethodsWe present the case of a 58-year female patient with depression who demonstrated a very high BAC of 8.68 g/L (representing the highest survived BAC in literature) due to ingestion of large amounts of alcohol with suicidal intent.ResultsIntubation and ventilation were lifesaving and the patient did not develop any physical or mental consequential damage. As the patient had not regularly used alcohol or any other psychotropic agent tolerance could be ruled out.ConclusionsThis case emphasizes the necessity of rapid securing of the airway in patients with alcohol intoxication and respiratory depression and, furthermore, illustrates the large inter-individual differences regarding ethanol susceptibility.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Measurement of uncertainty for blood alcohol concentration by headspace gas chromatography

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 114-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong-Jen Hwang ◽  
Jada Beltran ◽  
Craig Rogers ◽  
Jeremy Barlow ◽  
Gerasimos Razatos
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Headspace Gas Chromatography ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Headspace Gas

Blood Alcohol and Impairment of Judgment

1978 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.E.F. Pohl
Keyword(s):  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Main Peak ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Cerebral Function ◽  
Depressant Effect ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
Test Form

1. The cerebral depressant effect of 30 ml of aqueous ethanol diluted to 25% and administered orally to 16 volunteer subjects was compared with a control group of 15 volunteer subjects. 2. The two parallel forms of the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal tests were employed as a measure of cerebral function. 3. The control group showed a small but statistically insignificant improvement on retesting with Watson-Glaser test form ZM after preliminary administration of form YM. 4. The relationship between the blood alcohol time curve and the alcohol effect was analysed for each individual subject, each subject being used as his own control. 5. The main peak cerebral depressant effect was substantial and occurred on average 25.5 min before the attainment of the peak blood alcohol concentration. 6. There was no significant correlation between blood alcohol concentration and contemporaneous cerebral impairment (r = −0.01). 7. There was a highly significant correlation (r = 0.60) between the effect upon cerebral function and the gradient of the blood alcohol curve at that time.

scholarly journals Sudden cardiac death and acute drunken state: Autopsy study

2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 590-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Zivkovic ◽  
Borislav Miletic ◽  
Slobodan Nikolic ◽  
Fehim Jukovic
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Cardiac Death ◽  
Cardiac Death ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Acute Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Natural Death ◽  
Autopsy Study ◽  
Alcohol Abusers

Introduction. Sudden natural death occurs unexpectedly in apparently healthy subjects, or in persons during an apparent benign phase in the course of disease. The most common cause is sudden cardiac death, which is sometimes the first and last manifestation of coronary heart disease. Alcohol directly influences excitation of myocytes, and therefore provokes arrhythmias and possibly, sudden cardiac death. Objective. To establish the frequency of sudden cardiac death in cases of acute alcohol intoxication, to determine blood alcohol concentration at the moment of death, and to determine frequency and level of ethanol intoxication in chronic alcohol abusers, as well as causes of sudden death in those cases. Method. Retrospective autopsy study was performed for a three-year-period. We analyzed cases of sudden natural death, in relation to age and gender, cause of death, and blood alcohol concentration (at least 0.5 g/L). We considered the person to be a chronic alcoholic abuser if gross examination of organs during autopsy showed changes typical for excessive and habitual alcohol consumption. Results. Our sample consisted of 997 cases: 720 men and 277 women, average age 62.0?15.2 years (min=11; max=98). Total of 753 of them died of sudden cardiac death: much more men (?2=167.364; p=0.000), significantly younger than women (t=6.203; p=0.000). We determined acute alcohol intoxication in 73 persons - average blood alcohol concentration 1.85?1.01 g/L (min=0.55; max=3.85), and 61 of them died of cardiovascular diseases (?2=236.781; df=5; p=0.000). Conclusion. In our observed sample, not many persons were under acute alcohol intoxication (around 7%). Most commonly, they were chronic alcohol abusers who died due to exacerbation of chronic heart disease, mildly or moderately intoxicated - the younger, the drunker.

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