Regional characteristics of the gender employment gap: A spatio-temporal approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 103530462110232
Author(s):  
Jorge Chica-Olmo ◽  
Marina Checa-Olivas ◽  
Fernando Lopez-Castellano
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Jel Codes ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
Regional Characteristics ◽  
Spatial Approach ◽  
Employment Gap ◽  
Diffusion Mechanisms ◽  
Spatio Temporal

There is a substantial body of research that recognises the importance of analysing regional characteristics in employment and labour relations that occur in a given geographical context. However, this phenomenon has been scarcely studied from a spatial approach. This article uses a spatio-temporal panel data model to examine the spatial interactions between the gender employment gap and, some labour and socioeconomic characteristics of 727 municipalities of Andalusia, Spain, for the period 2012–2016. The results show that due to spatial diffusion mechanisms, a spatial spillover effect occurs in both the gender gap in employment and in some of the labour and socioeconomic characteristics considered. These findings may be extended to other geographic areas and can be of use for the implementation of regional policies aimed at narrowing the gender employment gap. JEL Codes: R10, J16, E24

scholarly journals Covid-19 and The Gender Gap in Employment Among Parents of Young Children in Canada

2021 ◽  
pp. 089124322110012
Author(s):  
Sylvia Fuller ◽  
Yue Qian
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
Educational Inequalities ◽  
Class Inequality ◽  
Employment Barriers ◽  
Employment Gap ◽  
Structural Shifts

Economic and social disruptions of the COVID-19 pandemic have important implications for gender and class inequality. Drawing on Statistics Canada’s monthly Labour Force Survey, we document trends in gender gaps in employment and work hours over the pandemic (February–October 2020). Our findings highlight the importance of care provisions for gender equity, with gaps larger among parents than people without children, and most pronounced when care and employment were more difficult to reconcile. When employment barriers eased, so did the gender–employment gap. The pandemic could not undo longer-standing cultural and structural shifts motivating contemporary mothers’ employment. The pandemic also exacerbated educational inequalities among women, highlighting the importance of assessing gendered impacts through an intersectional lens.

Social Information and Gender Differences in Competitive Preferences

2021 ◽  
pp. 056943452110542
Author(s):  
Christopher Roby
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Jel Codes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Addition Task ◽  
Payment Schemes ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Winner Take All ◽  
Take All

This is an exploratory study that examines the effect of social information on gender differences in selection into a winner-take-all tournament, using a simple addition task. Participants perform this task in multiple rounds and then select into a competitive or non-competitive pay scheme. Prior to choosing payment schemes, participants are shown selected results about average performance and choices in a similar experiment. I find that the inclusion of social information eliminates any extant gender gap in competitive choices in every treatment. The reduction in the gender gap is not due to greater efficiency of choices by men or women, even though inefficient choices by low-performing individuals are mostly eliminated. Rather, the inclusion of feedback causes men and women to select into a competitive pay scheme in a similar manner, thereby removing the gender gap. Despite these results, the complexity of the social information intervention used leaves some results unexplained. JEL Codes: C9, J2, J16.

scholarly journals ‘I’m my own boss…’: Active intermediation and ‘entrepreneurial’ worker agency in the Australian gig-economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 1643-1661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Barratt ◽  
Caleb Goods ◽  
Alex Veen
Keyword(s):  
Social Practice ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Food Delivery ◽  
Work Organisation ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
Gig Economy ◽  
Temporal Features ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Platform firm in the gig-economy are disrupting work as a social practice, production systems and recasting capital-labour relations. This qualitative study examines worker agency in the Australian food-delivery sector; a segment where platforms actively intermediate both product and labour markets. Within this sector, worker agency poses a potential challenge to platform-organisations; however this study reveals how these platforms’ work organisation and market regulation constrain agency potential. Shaped by the work’s spatio-temporal features, organisational fixes and institutional context, it is shown how food-delivery workers, transiently attached to the labour market, predominantly engage in ‘entrepreneurial agency’ – a low-level agency expression aimed at materially improving individual conditions and aligning with, rather than challenging, platforms’ business models.

Análise espacial da disparidade de gênero no emprego no mercado de trabalho da Região de Murcia (Espanha) / Spatial analysis of the gender gap in employment in the labor market of the Region of Murcia (Spain)

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 2671-2684
Author(s):  
Ángel Manzanares Gutiérrez
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Demographic Pressure ◽  
Female Participation ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Employment Gap

During the last decades, female participation in the labor market has increased. The decision of women to join the labor market depends, both on social factors such as age, education, marital status, or family conciliation; as well as economic factors such as the real wage. However, this increase in female participation fails to reduce the gender gap. This research, using spatial analysis techniques, tries to identify the explanatory factors of the employment gap in the local labor markets of the Region of Murcia (Spain). The main results are that the differences in the gap are explained by variables such as average age, demographic pressure, and educational level.

Does Trade Openness Affects Employment in Cameroon?

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-116
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Ngouhouo ◽  
Tii Njivukuh Nchofoung
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Jel Codes ◽  
National Productivity

The objective of this paper is to examine the effect of trade openness on employment in Cameroon. The methodologies used in order to test our hypothesis were the FMOLS and DOLS. The results of the estimations show a positive and significant effect of trade openness on employment in Cameroon with both methods. Indeed, industrialisation and investments were found to significantly increase employment in Cameroon. As recommendations, if Cameroon envisages expanding in international trade, she should encourage sectors that have a spillover effect. These include increasing industrialisation which will lead to increase in national productivity. Furthermore, the educational system should match training with jobs. JEL Codes: F16, C22

scholarly journals The Driving Influence of Multi-Dimensional Urbanization on PM2.5 Concentrations in Africa: New Evidence from Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data, 2000–2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (17) ◽  
pp. 9389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoen Wei ◽  
Pingjun Sun ◽  
Shengnan Jiang ◽  
Yang Shen ◽  
Binglin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Joint Control ◽  
Enhancement Effect ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Africa’s PM2.5 pollution has become a security hazard, but the understanding of the varying effects of urbanization on driven mechanisms of PM2.5 concentrations under the rapid urbanization remains largely insufficient. Compared with the direct impact, the spillover effect of urbanization on PM2.5 concentrations in adjacent regions was underestimated. Urbanization is highly multi-dimensional phenomenon and previous studies have rarely distinguished the different driving influence and interactions of multi-dimensional urbanization on PM2.5 concentrations in Africa. This study combined grid and administrative units to explore the spatio-temporal change, spatial dependence patterns, and evolution trend of PM2.5 concentrations and multi-dimensional urbanization in Africa. The differential influence and interaction effects of multi-dimensional urbanization on PM2.5 concentrations under Africa’s rapid urbanization was further analyzed. The results show that the positive spatial dependence of PM2.5 concentrations gradually increased over the study period 2000–2018. The areas with PM2.5 concentrations exceeding 35 μg/m3 increased by 2.2%, and 36.78% of the African continent had an increasing trend in Theil–Sen index. Urbanization was found to be the main driving factor causing PM2.5 concentrations changes, and economic urbanization had a stronger influence on air quality than land urbanization or population urbanization. Compared with the direct effect, the spillover effect of urbanization on PM2.5 concentrations in two adjacent regions was stronger, particularly in terms of economic urbanization. The spatial distribution of PM2.5 concentrations resulted from the interaction of multi-dimensional urbanization. The interaction of urbanization of any two different dimensions exhibited a nonlinear enhancement effect on PM2.5 concentrations. Given the differential impact of multi-dimensional urbanization on PM2.5 concentrations inside and outside the region, this research provides support for the cross-regional joint control strategies of air pollution in Africa. The findings also indicate that PM2.5 pollution control should not only focus on urban economic development strategies but should be an optimized integration of multiple mitigation strategies, such as improving residents’ lifestyles, optimizing land spatial structure, and upgrading the industrial structure.

scholarly journals Spatial approach to analyzing dynamics of racial diversity in large U.S. cities: 1990–2000–2010

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Dmowska ◽  
Tomasz Stepinski
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Racial Diversity ◽  
Racially Diverse ◽  
Aggregation Index ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Spatial Approach ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Diversity Dynamics

Over the last several decades large U.S. cities became increasingly racially diverse. Understanding spatio-temporal dynamics of this significant social change and identifying its broad trends is important for numerous stakeholders. High resolution population grids, which recently become available for the entire conterminous U.S. and for three-time points from 1990 to 2010, are an ideal dataset for analyzing dynamics of racial diversity. Their value to diversity analysis has been already demonstrated at the level of the entire U.S. as well as at the level of an individual city.In this paper, we demonstrate their value for performing a survey aimed at synthesizing diversity dynamics from different cities in order to identify prevalent nationwide trends. Our survey consists of 41 large cities. 1990-2000-2010 snapshots of racial conditions at each city are provided by respective grids in which each cell is assigned one of nine possible diversity/dominant race categories. All cells with the same diversity label constitute a zone which we refer to as community and measure using a percentage of landscape (PLAND) and an aggregation index (AI) metrics. The inclusion of the AI metric makes it possible to determine not only whether a given community grows or shrinks but also whether it’s merging or fragmenting. We analyze spatio-temporal evolution of communities by tracking changes in the pairs of the values of these metrics. To simplify we categorize these changes into eight categories resulting in 64 possible change trajectories for each community. Trajectories are histogrammed to reveal the variety of scarcity of possible modes of change. Frequent trajectories are identified with broad trends. Eight such trends are identified, they represent the most prevalent racial dynamics in the U.S. during the decades of 1990-2010. Two trends correspond to the decay of whites-only and blacks-only communities. The remaining six trends correspond to the expansion of Hispanics, Asian, and racially diverse communities. Trends do not show regional dependence, they truly reflect profound social change occurring across the entire U.S.

scholarly journals The Health Potential of Neighborhoods: A Population-Wide Study in The Netherlands

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise H. Dekker ◽  
Richard H Rijnks ◽  
Jochen O. Mierau
Keyword(s):  
Health Disparities ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Neighborhood Density ◽  
Spatial Spillovers ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics

Abstract Background: While differences in population health across neighborhoods with different socioeconomic characteristics are well documented, health disparities across neighborhoods with similar socioeconomic characteristics are less well understood. Studying the determinants of variation of health among neighborhoods with similar socio-economic characteristics is pivotal for gaining insight into where health potential lies. We aimed to estimate population health inequalities, both within and between neighborhoods with similar socio-economic status, and assessed the association of neighborhood characteristics and socio-economic spillover effects from adjacent neighborhoods. Methods: Based on whole-population data from the Netherlands we determined the percentage of inhabitants with good/very good self-assessed health (SAH) as well as the percentage of inhabitants with at least one chronic disease (CD) in 11,504 neighborhoods. Neighborhoods were classified by quintiles of a composite NSES score. Spatial models were estimated by including the spatially weighted NSES of adjacent neighborhoods. Results: Substantial population health disparities in SAH and CD both within and between neighborhoods NSES quintiles were observed, with the largest SAH variance in the lowest NSES group. These differences were partially explained by neighborhood density and the percentage of inhabitants ≥65 years old. Neighborhoods adjacent to higher SES neighborhoods showed a higher SAH and a lower prevalence of CD, adjusted for other explanatory variables. Policy simulations indicate how modest changes in NSES among groups of neighborhoods with similar socio-economic characteristics can contribute to population health, partially due to spatial spillovers. Conclusion: Population health differs substantially among neighborhoods with similar socioeconomic characteristics, which can partially be explained by a spatial socio-economic spillover effect. This provides interesting leads to policy design aimed at improving population health outcomes of deprived neighborhoods focusing on health potential.

scholarly journals Health disparities by neighborhood socioeconomic status and the role of spatial spillovers

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
L H Dekker ◽  
R H Rijnks ◽  
J O Mierau
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Health Disparities ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Additional Increase ◽  
Spatial Spillovers ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
Deprived Neighborhoods

Abstract Background The contextual determinants of population health disparities across neighborhoods with similar socioeconomic characteristics are not well understood. We aimed to estimate subjective and objective population health measures within and between neighborhoods with similar socioeconomic status (NSES) scores, and the (in)direct potential of a spillover effect of NSES of adjacent neighborhoods. Methods Based on whole-population neighborhood data we determined the percentage of inhabitants with good/very good self-assessed health (SAH) and with at least one chronic disease (CD) in 11,521 neighborhoods with on average 1,470 inhabitants. Neighborhoods were classified by the quintile of a composite NSES score. Spatial lag of X models was applied by including neighborhood cross-sectional units on population density, the percentage of inhabitants aged 65 and over, and the NSES of adjacent neighborhoods by constructing a spatial weights matrix. Results Substantial population health disparities in SAH and CD both between neighborhoods with different and similar NSES scores were observed, with the largest SAH variance in the lowest NSES group. These differences were only partially explained by neighborhood characteristics. Neighborhoods adjacent to higher SES neighborhoods showed a higher SAH and a lower prevalence of CD, adjusted for other explanatory variables. When NSES in the first decile would be increased to the NSES of the quintile median, the direct effect on SAH would increase by 5.6% in the lowest NSES group. Spillovers would lead to an additional increase of 1.7% in all NSES groups. Conclusions Population health differs substantially among neighborhoods with similar socioeconomic characteristics, which can partially be explained by a socioeconomic spillover effect. The mechanisms behind these spillovers need further study, but may already provide interesting leads to policy design aimed at improving population health outcomes of deprived neighborhoods. Key messages Neighborhood population health is partially affected by a SES spillover effect. This study provides interesting leads to policy design aimed at improving health outcomes of deprived neighborhoods.

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