Social Information and Gender Differences in Competitive Preferences

2021 ◽  
pp. 056943452110542
Author(s):  
Christopher Roby
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Jel Codes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Addition Task ◽  
Payment Schemes ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Winner Take All ◽  
Take All

This is an exploratory study that examines the effect of social information on gender differences in selection into a winner-take-all tournament, using a simple addition task. Participants perform this task in multiple rounds and then select into a competitive or non-competitive pay scheme. Prior to choosing payment schemes, participants are shown selected results about average performance and choices in a similar experiment. I find that the inclusion of social information eliminates any extant gender gap in competitive choices in every treatment. The reduction in the gender gap is not due to greater efficiency of choices by men or women, even though inefficient choices by low-performing individuals are mostly eliminated. Rather, the inclusion of feedback causes men and women to select into a competitive pay scheme in a similar manner, thereby removing the gender gap. Despite these results, the complexity of the social information intervention used leaves some results unexplained. JEL Codes: C9, J2, J16.

scholarly journals Lucky to reach the top?

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 541-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Lundsgaard Ottsen
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Achievement Motivation ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Middle Eastern Women ◽  
Low Expectations ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Middle Easterners

Purpose As organizations aim to become increasingly diverse, it is important to understand how perspectives of potential future leaders vary across culture and gender. This study aims to advance the understanding of the persistent gender gap in management. Design/methodology/approach Samples from the gender-segregated Qatar and the co-ed Denmark present a unique opportunity to investigate the potential effects of gender. Here, 115 Middle Easterners and 121 Scandinavians rated perceived importance of job-related skills, networking upward and serendipity in leadership acquisition. Findings Effects of gender showed that compared to men, women across cultures expected that serendipity has less to do with leadership acquisition. Middle Eastern women also showed low expectations regarding networking with people in powerful positions. Nevertheless, both genders showed conviction of meritocracy by rating job-related skills as the most important factor in leadership acquisition. Cross-culturally, Scandinavians presumed job-related skills to be more important than Middle Easterners. Research limitations/implications Despite meritocracy beliefs, it appears that gender differences in perceived possibility of leadership acquisition contribute to the gender gap in management. Scandinavian women relied more on networking than Middle Eastern women, but still lacked faith in serendipitous opportunities compared to male peers. Perceived luck enhances achievement motivation. If men rely more on luck than women, then they are more confident in succeeding and more ambitious about pursuit of leadership. Women’s lack of faith in serendipity might affect their career ambitions negatively even in societies emphasizing equality. Originality/value This is the first study that directly focuses on gender differences in perception of opportunities for leadership acquisition through serendipity.

Age and gender differences in social anxiety symptoms during adolescence: The Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) as a measure

2007 ◽  
Vol 153 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Ranta ◽  
Riittakerttu Kaltiala-Heino ◽  
Anna-Maija Koivisto ◽  
Martti T. Tuomisto ◽  
Mirjami Pelkonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
The Social ◽  
Age And Gender Differences ◽  
And Gender

Social entrepreneurship competency: an approach by discipline and gender

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Carlos Vázquez-Parra ◽  
Abel García-González ◽  
María Soledad Ramírez-Montoya
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Architecture And Design ◽  
University Training

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to analyze how university men and women in different disciplines of study in Mexico perceive social entrepreneurship competencies, using a multifactorial analysis to find possible areas of opportunity to reduce the gender gap in social-entrepreneurship-project proposals.Design/methodology/approachThis is a quantitative study with a validated questionnaire that records the perception levels of five social entrepreneurship subcompetencies. The survey, which includes 28 indicators, was applied to 140 university students from different disciplines. Hypothesis testing was applied to identify significant differences between men and women in each subcompetency by disciplinary area.FindingsIn the global sample, significant differences by gender were observed only in the social value subcompetency. In the disciplinary analysis, significant differences were found in architecture and design, business, and engineering and science.Research limitations/implicationsThe questionnaire only gathered data about the students' perceptions. To the extent that perception is triangulated with other instruments, it is possible to increase knowledge regarding how to train in social entrepreneurship.Practical implicationsThe results can be useful for university training and increasing the envisioning and formulating of government projects by young people who create new businesses.Originality/valueThis research contributes to the literature on the role of gender-specific perceptions of social entrepreneurship in Mexico.

scholarly journals Age and Gender Differences in the Social Patterning of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Switzerland: The CoLaus Study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. e49443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Stringhini ◽  
Brenda Spencer ◽  
Pedro Marques-Vidal ◽  
Gerard Waeber ◽  
Peter Vollenweider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
The Social ◽  
Age And Gender Differences ◽  
And Gender

scholarly journals Gender differences in marital violence: A cross-ethnic study among Bengali, Garo, and Santal communities in rural Bangladesh

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251574
Author(s):  
Rabiul Karim ◽  
Hafijur Rahman ◽  
Suchona Rahman ◽  
Tanzima Zohra Habib ◽  
Katarina Swahnberg
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Marital Violence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural Bangladesh ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gender Constructions ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
And Gender

Studies on marital violence (MV) in Bangladesh have primarily focused on the women of the mainstream Bengali people, although half of the population is men, and there are also ethnic minority communities with diverse gender constructions. The current study examined the gender differences in MV among the matrilineal ethnic minority Garo, patrilineal ethnic minority Santal, and the patrilineal mainstream Bengali communities in rural Bangladesh. Adopting a cross-sectional design, we randomly included 1,929 currently married men and women from 24 villages. We used cross-tabulations as well as multivariate logistic regressions to estimate the ethnic and gender differences in MV. Data revealed that women were widely exposed to different types of MV, while only a few men experienced such abuses. It showed that 95.6% of the women experienced emotional abuse, 63.5% physical abuse, 71.4% sexual abuse, and 50.6% poly-victimization, whereas these rates were quite low among the men (emotional = 9.7%, physical = 0.7%, sexual = 0.1%). No men reported poly-victimization. The odds ratio (OR) for emotional, physical, and sexual MV were respectively, 184.44 (95% CI = 93.65−363.24, p<0.001), 449.23 (95% CI = 181.59−1111.35, p<0.001), and 2789.71(95% CI = 381.36−20407.08, p<0.001) for women compared to men. Data further revealed that matrilineal Garo women experienced less MV (emotional = 90.7%, physical = 53.4%, sexual = 64.0%, poly = 38.8%) than the patrilineal Santal (emotional = 99.4%, physical = 67.3%, sexual = 71.3%, poly = 53.9%) and Bengali women (emotional = 96.6%, physical = 69.6%, sexual = 78.8%, poly = 58.9%). Multivariate regressions also showed that the Bengali society perpetrated more physical (OR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.27−2.85, p = 0.002) and sexual (OR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.34−3.10, p = 0.001) MV than the Garo society. It appears that MV is largely a gendered issue in the country. Though both women and men can be the victims of MV, the nature/extent of victimization noticeably differs according to the social organization. Matrilineal society appears to be less abusive than the patrilineal one. Interventions aimed to prevent domestic violence in rural Bangladesh should take these findings into account.

scholarly journals Extraction of social information from gait in schizophrenia

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 987-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Peterman ◽  
A. Christensen ◽  
M. A. Giese ◽  
S. Park
Keyword(s):  
Social Functioning ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Signal Intensity ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
Human Gait ◽  
Emotional Cues ◽  
The Social ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
And Gender

BackgroundThe human face and body are rich sources of socio-emotional cues. Accurate recognition of these cues is central to adaptive social functioning. Past studies indicate that individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) show deficits in the perception of emotion from facial cues but the contribution of bodily cues to social perception in schizophrenia is undetermined. The present study examined the detection of social cues from human gait patterns presented by computer-generated volumetric walking figures.MethodA total of 22 SZ and 20 age-matched healthy control participants (CO) viewed 1 s movies of a ‘digital’ walker's gait and subsequently made a forced-choice decision on the emotional state (angry or happy) or the gender of the walker presented at three intensity levels. Overall sensitivity to the social cues and bias were computed. For SZ, symptom severity was assessed.ResultsSZ were less sensitive than CO on both emotion and gender discrimination, regardless of intensity. While impaired overall, greater signal intensity did improve performance of SZ. Neither group differed in their response bias in either condition. The discrimination sensitivity of SZ was unrelated to their social functioning or symptoms but a bias toward perceiving gait as happy was associated with better social functioning.ConclusionsThese results suggest that SZ are impaired in extracting social information from gait but SZ benefited from increased signal intensity of social cues. Inaccurate perception of social cues in others may hinder adequate preparation for social interactions.

Differences in Study Motivation Within and Between Genders: An Examination by Gender Typicality Among Early Adolescents

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendelien Vantieghem ◽  
Mieke Van Houtte
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Autonomous Motivation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Gender Typicality ◽  
Controlled Motivation ◽  
Study Motivation ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Motivation Model

Despite boys’ educational underachievement, gender differences in study motivation have received little research attention. Guided by self-determination theory and the identity-based motivation model, this study investigates differences in study motivation between boys and girls, as well as within each gender. To adequately consider these within-gender differences, we investigate gender and gender typicality interactions in a sample of 6,380 Flemish seventh graders collected in 2012-2013. Results from multilevel analyses show that, in line with the educational gender gap, girls display higher levels of autonomous motivation. Furthermore, gender-typical girls score highest on autonomous motivation. Gender-typical boys score considerably lower, though they outperform self-perceived atypical boys and girls. In controlled motivation, no differences are observed between boys and girls of equal ability. Nevertheless, higher scores on gender typicality contribute to a higher sense of controlled motivation. The results are discussed in light of well-being, the need for autonomy, and gendered expectations of teachers.

scholarly journals Social Information Processing and Reactive and Proactive Aggression among Children with ADHD

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ahmed Hammad ◽  
Huda Shaaban Muhammad Awed
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Social Information Processing ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Proactive Aggression ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
The Social ◽  
Reactive And Proactive Aggression ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Selective Information Processing

<p>This study examined the social information processing qualities among children with reactive and proactive aggression among children with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). It enrolled a total of 112 Saudi school children (62 boys, 50 girls; mean age = 9.26 years, SD = 1.98) of which 51 were diagnosed with ADHD and 61 typically developing peers. Data on children’s social informational processing and type of aggression displayed were gathered and analyzed for group differences by diagnosis and gender within diagnosis. Findings suggest gaps in social information processing and elevated aggression levels among children with ADHD compared to typical others. Male children with ADHD to present mostly with proactive aggression and self-serving information processing. Female ADHD were characterized by reactive aggression and selective information processing. Implicit socialization processes might explain the differences in social information processing and type of aggression among male and female students with Arabic culture background.</p><p><br /><strong></strong></p>

scholarly journals Cooperative Learning for a More Sustainable Education: Gender Equity in the Learning of Maths

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8220
Author(s):  
Jose Antonio Prieto-Saborit ◽  
David Méndez-Alonso ◽  
Jose Antonio Cecchini ◽  
Ana Fernández-Viciana ◽  
Jose Ramón Bahamonde-Nava
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Academic Performance ◽  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Math Grades ◽  
And Gender

Education and gender equity are of high priority in the list of objectives when looking to achieve sustainable development; however, various studies have analysed that these objectives are far from being reached. The goal of this paper was to investigate the influence that cooperative learning has on academic performance and on the gender gap in the subject of Maths. A total of 14,122 students between the ages of 10 and 19 took part in the study. The hypothesis posed was that gender differences observed in Maths would significantly be reduced in those classrooms in which cooperative learning had a higher degree of implementation. In the results, the analysis of the regression of means and gradients showed that gender predicts Maths results in a positive manner (estimated beta = 0.12, p < 0.01) and interacts with cooperative learning by taking a negative value (−0.26) and with an associated critical value less than 0.05. In other words, the relation between cooperative learning and Math grades is significantly higher in males than in females. However, females achieve better marks, which generates a certain relation of equity. These results prove that cooperative learning can reduce gender differences in the learning of Maths.

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