Host Mediators in Gingival Crevicular Fluid: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Periodontal Disease

During the past few years, a considerable number of studies have examined different aspects of the host response in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), including the relationship of specific markers to the active phases of periodontal disease. Various indicators of the acute inflammatory response (the lysosomal enzymes P-glucuronidase and collagenase, the cytoplasmic enzyme aspartate aminotransferase, and the arachidonic acid metabolite PGE2) have been shown to be associated with clinical attachment loss in chronic adult periodontitis in man and experimental periodontitis in animal models. In contrast, the relationship of indicators of the humoral immune response in GCF to active periodontal disease is equivocal. Furthermore, a number of indicators of the cellular immune response have been identified recently in GCF (i.e., Interleukin-la, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-a), but their relationship to active phases of periodontal disease have not been studied. The polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) is the cellular hallmark of acute inflammation. Evidence from the GCF studies suggests that hyperreactivity of these cells plays a critical role in the active phases of some forms of periodontal disease. Metabolic activation of PMN can be associated with a number of potentially destructive reactions. The major effector mechanism for tissue destruction that can be specifically identified with the PMN is the synergistic effect of the release of PMN proteases and the generation of reactive oxygen metabolites by these cells. Priming of the PMN, where the PMN response is enhanced by agents that do not initiate the response, may be an important mechanism for PMN activation in the crevicular environment; for example, cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-a, and lipopolysaccharides released from subgingival Gram-negative bacteria, can serve this function. The hypothesis proposed here argues that in addition to the severe forms of periodontal disease that have been associated with qualitative or quantitative PMN defects, tissue destruction in the periodontum can be observed with hyperreactivity of these cells. These differing conclusions do not create a dilemma, but may represent opposite ends of a balance that is no longer in equilibrium.

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Identification of a new endogenous platelet-activating factor-like molecule in gingival crevicular fluid

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj3300791 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 330 (2) ◽

pp. 791-794 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Smaragdi ANTONOPOULOU ◽

A. Constantinos DEMOPOULOS ◽

Dimitris ARGYROPOULOS ◽

George BALTAS ◽

Helen KOTSIFAKI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Periodontal Disease ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Platelet Activating Factor ◽

Human Platelets ◽

Relative Molecular Mass ◽

Tissue Destruction ◽

Biological Assays ◽

Causative Agents ◽

Crevicular Fluid ◽

The Relationship

Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease and the major cause of tooth loss in adults. Bacteria and their products are the causative agents of this disease. Endogenous molecules mediate the inflammatory process and play a major role in its amplification and perpetuation as well as in the ensuing tissue destruction. The relationship between platelet-activating factor (PAF) and periodontal disease has not so far been examined thoroughly. We have isolated a phospholipid molecule with PAF-like activity from gingival crevicular fluid. This molecule, purified on HPLC, causes washed platelet aggregation with EC50 value 0.1 μM, based on phosphorus determination. It acts through PAF-receptors and is inactivated by PAF-acetylhydrolase. In addition, this phospholipid presents biological activity towards human platelets. The combination of the results obtained from the chemical and enzymic treatments, the biological assays as well as results from the electrospray analysis, leads to the conclusion that this phospholipid is a hydroxyl-PAF analogue with relative molecular mass 703. This PAF-like molecule may be implicated in periodontal disease.

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HOST PROTEASE INHIBITION BY SPECIFIC PATHOGENS IN PERIODONTAL DISEASE

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i4.2018.1624 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 131-137

Author(s):

Saipriya S ◽

Vijay Kumar Chava

Keyword(s):

Periodontal Disease ◽

Protease Inhibitors ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Critical Role ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Tissue Destruction ◽

Protease Inhibition ◽

Periodontal Tissues ◽

Functional Classes ◽

Crevicular Fluid

Proteolytic tissue degradation is a typical phenomenon in chronic inflammatory periodontal disease with the uncontrolled release of host and bacterial derived proteases causing self-digestion and tissue destruction. Antimicrobial proteins and peptides constitute a diverse class of host defense molecules that act early to combat invasion and infection with bacteria and other microorganisms and protease inhibitors forms one of the functional classes of antimicrobial peptides. Plasma protease inhibitors present in gingival crevicular fluid as well as tissues may play a critical role in the protection of periodontal tissues by modulating protease activity, more particularly during active phases. This literature review attempts to highlight the role of host protease inhibitors and their interaction with specific periodontal pathogens in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.

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Salivary Diagnosis - Clinical Uses in Assessing Oral Inflammation

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.17.6.5641 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 68 (6) ◽

pp. 1201-1204 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Iulia Ioana Stanescu ◽

Alexandra Totan ◽

Florentina Rus ◽

Daniela Miricescu ◽

Brandusa Mocanu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Oxidative Stress Marker ◽

Clinical Settings ◽

Tissue Destruction ◽

Whole Saliva ◽

Oral Inflammation ◽

Positive Correlations ◽

Crevicular Fluid

The past decades demonstrated that saliva and its components represent a remarkable diagnosis fluid with valuable clinical uses for both oral and systemic diseases. At the same time it is well established that oxidative stress is involved in a wide number of pathologies, including periodontitis. The specific aim of the present study which included 50 subjects is to determine if saliva can be used in clinical settings to correlate oxidative stress and tissue destruction markers with the severity of periodontal disease. An important oxidative stress marker - 8-hydroxydesoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and a collagen degradation marker - beta-crosslaps (b-CTX) were quantified in both saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) using ELISA kits and were found to be significantly increased in the chronic periodontitis group when compared to respective controls (p[0.05). At the same time positive correlations were observed between whole saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (p[0.05). Significant correlations were also determined between GCF and salivary markers and clinical parameters of periodontal disease. Present results demonstrate that saliva and its components can successfully be used in clinical settings and represents a reliable tool for assessing periodontal disease severity.

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The relationship of prostaglandins to cAMP, IgG, IgM and α-2-macroglobulin in gingival crevicular fluid in chronic adult periodontitis

Archives of Oral Biology ◽

10.1016/0003-9969(90)90024-5 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 35 (8) ◽

pp. 593-596 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

S. Sengupta ◽

J. Fine ◽

C.-Y. Wu-Wang ◽

J. Gordon ◽

V.L.N. Murty ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Crevicular Fluid ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

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BETA GLUCURONIDASE ACTIVITY IN DIABETES ASSOCIATED PERIODONTITIS

International Journal of Advanced Research ◽

10.21474/ijar01/11778 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 1222-1230

Author(s):

Gawali S ◽

◽

Padhye A ◽

Chavan P ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Enzyme Activity ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Tissue Destruction ◽

Pocket Depth ◽

Glucuronidase Activity ◽

Probing Pocket Depth ◽

Crevicular Fluid

Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for development of periodontal disease with progressive periodontal destruction seen in diabetic patients. Advances in oral and periodontal disease diagnostic research are moving towards methods whereby periodontal risk can be identified and quantified by objective measures such as biomarkers. The aim of this study was to identify the presence of beta glucuronidase activity as an enzymatic biomarker of periodontal tissue destruction in patients of Diabetes mellitus associated with Periodontitis. β Glucuronidase activitywas estimated in saliva, GCF (Gingival Crevicular Fluid) and serum in healthy subjects and patients with Diabetes mellitus, Periodontitis and Diabetes associated periodontitis. Enzyme activity was compared with clinical parameters like Probing pocket depth, Plaque Index and Gingival Index. It was maximally raised in diabetic cases with periodontitis. Enzyme activity was found to be highest in crevicular fluid compared to saliva and serum. However, serum Glucuronidase correlated significantly with clinical indices. β-glucuronidase may be employed on routine basis as a chair side test for screening and diagnosis of patients with periodontitis in diabetics.

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Influence of Gestational Hormones on the Bacteria-Induced Cytokine Response in Periodontitis

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/2021/5834608 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Betsaida J. Ortiz-Sánchez ◽

Martha Legorreta-Herrera ◽

Miriam Rodriguez-Sosa

Keyword(s):

Periodontal Disease ◽

Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Bacterial Biofilm ◽

Tissue Remodelling ◽

Periodontal Health ◽

Adverse Pregnancy ◽

Crevicular Fluid ◽

Microbial Change ◽

The Relationship

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that affects the supporting structures of teeth. The presence of a bacterial biofilm initiates a destructive inflammatory process orchestrated by various inflammatory mediators, most notably proinflammatory cytokines, which are upregulated in the gingival crevicular fluid, leading to the formation of periodontal pockets. This represents a well-characterized microbial change during the transition from periodontal health to periodontitis; interestingly, the gestational condition increases the risk and severity of periodontal disease. Although the influence of periodontitis on pregnancy has been extensively reviewed, the relationship between pregnancy and the development/evolution of periodontitis has been little studied compared to the effect of periodontitis on adverse pregnancy outcomes. This review is aimed at summarizing the findings on the pregnancy-proinflammatory cytokine relationship and discussing its possible involvement in the development of periodontitis. We address (1) an overview of periodontal disease, (2) the immune response and possible involvement of proinflammatory cytokines in the development of periodontitis, (3) how bone tissue remodelling takes place with an emphasis on the involvement of the inflammatory response and metalloproteinases during periodontitis, and (4) the influence of hormonal profile during pregnancy on the development of periodontitis. Finally, we believe this review may be helpful for designing immunotherapies based on the stage of pregnancy to control the severity and pathology of periodontal disease.

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The RELATION OF NEUTROPHIL ELASTASE LEVEL WITH TISSUE DESTRUCTION IN GINGIVITIS AND PERIODONTITIS

Dentika Dental Journal ◽

10.32734/dentika.v20i2.160 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 66-71

Author(s):

Nila Kasuma

Keyword(s):

Periodontal Disease ◽

Neutrophil Elastase ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Enzyme Level ◽

Measurement Scale ◽

Tissue Destruction ◽

Sample Group ◽

Healthy Sample ◽

Elastase Level ◽

Crevicular Fluid

Periodontal disease consists of gingivitis and periodontitis. They occur due to the interaction between bacterial antigens and the host tissue hence neutrophil is activated, antibody is produced and bone resorption is occurred. Enzymatic changes to diagnose periodontal disease index (PDI) based on biomarker measurement scale is useful for an accurate diagnosis and a successful measurement of periodontal disease therapy. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was selected as the biological medium. This research aims to analyze the relationship between neutrophil elastase level and periodontal tissue damages at gingivitis and periodontitis. The study involved 66 people as samples with 22 healthy samples, 22 mild gingivitis samples and 22 early periodontitis samples. Enzyme level studied was tested using ELISA technique. In this cross-sectional study, neutrophil elastase enzyme level was compared between healthy, mild gingivitis and early periodontitis sample groups. Data analysis was performed using ANOVA test. The average NE level based on PDI group is ± SD 2.65 ng/dl ± 1.28 in healthy sample group. There is an increase by 2.3 times in mild gingivitis sample group where NE level is ± SD 6.27 ng/dl ± 1.13.While, the light periodontitis group has NE level of ± SD 9.38 ng/dl ± 1.06 which equals to 3.5 times increase from the healthy sample group. This research concludes that the rise of neutrophil elastase level in gingival crevicular fluid is related to the severity of gingivitis and periodontitis diseases.

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