Detection and evaluation of barely visible impact damage in woven glass fabric reinforced polyamide 6.6/6 composite using ultrasonic imaging, X-ray tomography and optical profilometry

The present experimental work investigates the response of woven glass fabric reinforced polyamide 6.6/6 subjected to drop weight impact loading. The main objective is the development and the introduction of a new experimental procedure/approach, based on different complementary detection techniques, that aims at investigating the damage induced by impact loading in thermoplastic woven fabric composites. The developed approach is intended to be generalized to other types of composite materials. The main idea is to assess all the experimental results obtained through the developed procedure with a direct investigation method. The latter consists in the Permanent Indentation (PI) measurement providing an indicator of the damage criticality in the composite sample. To this end, several non-destructive testing methods are carried-out and their experimental findings are analyzed and cross-linked. The identification of the different damage mechanisms, caused by the drop weight impact, is performed using X-Ray micro-computed tomography (µCT). C-scan ultrasonic investigation is conducted according to two types: transmission and reflection for the detection of the impact damage and the identification of the induced degradation area. B-scan imaging are then obtained through specific post-processing of the impacted surface to extract the permanent indentation (PI). The latter is validated through surface flatness measurement using the highly resolved 3D optical profilometry. The correlation between the X-Ray tomography results and the permanent indentation measurement is then established. It correlates the PI level with the damage mechanisms of a barely visible impact damage (BVID) in woven glass reinforced polyamide 6.6/6 composite.

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Low velocity drop weight impact behavior of Al2O3-Ni-ZrO2 and Al2O3-Ni-Cr2O3 nanocomposite systems

10.21203/rs.3.rs-150689/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Betül Kafkaslıoğlu Yıldız ◽

Murat Büyük ◽

Yahya Kemal Tür

Keyword(s):

Network Formation ◽

Low Energy ◽

Impact Behavior ◽

Precipitation Method ◽

Low Velocity ◽

Ballistic Performance ◽

Crack Network ◽

Damage Mechanisms ◽

Drop Weight ◽

Weight Impact

Abstract 1 vol% Ni particulate Al2O3 matrix nanocomposites prepared by the heterogeneous precipitation method with ZrO2 (5 vol%) or Cr2O3 (1 vol%) additives were subjected to the low energy drop weight impact tests to compare the behavior of the compositions under low energy impact and to investigate the damage mechanisms. The pure Al2O3, Al2O3/Ni, Al2O3/ZrO2, and Al2O3/Cr2O3 compositions with the same additive ratios were also produced to make the comparison systematically. Also, the Vickers hardness measurements were carried out and a significant increase in hardness was attained for both Al2O3/Ni + ZrO2 and Al2O3/Ni + Cr2O3. The average hardness value around 24.8 ± 1.0 GPa was measured for Al2O3/Ni + ZrO2 and Al2O3/Ni + Cr2O3 which means ∼ 15% improvement compared to the pure Al2O3. Between all the compositions, the maximum force (Fmax) value was obtained for Al2O3/Ni + ZrO2 for 12 J impact energy level (26617 N) according to the low energy drop weight impact test results. Tensile radial crack network formation, cone formation, fracture and crushing of the cone structure were observed as damage mechanisms for all the compositions. The volume of conical frustum structure was evaluated for each composition and the effect of microstructure on possible ballistic performance was also discussed.

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Falling Weight Impact Damage Characterisation of Flax and Flax Basalt Vinyl Ester Hybrid Composites

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12040806 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 806 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hom Nath Dhakal ◽

Elwan Le Méner ◽

Marc Feldner ◽

Chulin Jiang ◽

Zhongyi Zhang

Keyword(s):

Vinyl Ester ◽

Failure Modes ◽

Hybrid Composites ◽

Impact Damage ◽

Matrix Cracking ◽

Damage Mechanisms ◽

Pull Out ◽

Weight Impact ◽

Falling Weight ◽

The Impact

Understanding the damage mechanisms of composite materials requires detailed mapping of the failure behaviour using reliable techniques. This research focuses on an evaluation of the low-velocity falling weight impact damage behaviour of flax-basalt/vinyl ester (VE) hybrid composites. Incident impact energies under three different energy levels (50, 60, and 70 Joules) were employed to cause complete perforation in order to characterise different impact damage parameters, such as energy absorption characteristics, and damage modes and mechanisms. In addition, the water absorption behaviour of flax and flax basalt hybrid composites and its effects on the impact damage performance were also investigated. All the samples subjected to different incident energies were characterised using non-destructive techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray computed micro-tomography (πCT), to assess the damage mechanisms of studied flax/VE and flax/basalt/VE hybrid composites. The experimental results showed that the basalt hybrid system had a high impact energy and peak load compared to the flax/VE composite without hybridisation, indicating that a hybrid approach is a promising strategy for enhancing the toughness properties of natural fibre composites. The πCT and SEM images revealed that the failure modes observed for flax and flax basalt hybrid composites were a combination of matrix cracking, delamination, fibre breakage, and fibre pull out.

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Performance of Self-Consolidating Engineered Cementitious Composite under Drop-Weight Impact Loading

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering ◽

10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002619 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 04018400 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Mohamed K. Ismail ◽

Assem A. A. Hassan ◽

Mohamed Lachemi

Keyword(s):

Impact Loading ◽

Cementitious Composite ◽

Engineered Cementitious Composite ◽

Drop Weight ◽

Weight Impact

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Geometrical and topological evolution of a closed-cell aluminium foam subject to drop-weight impact: An X-ray tomography study

International Journal of Impact Engineering ◽

10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2020.103510 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 139 ◽

pp. 103510 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M.A. Kader ◽

A.D. Brown ◽

P.J. Hazell ◽

V. Robins ◽

J.P. Escobedo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aluminium Foam ◽

X Ray ◽

Topological Evolution ◽

Drop Weight ◽

Closed Cell ◽

Weight Impact

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Sorption and diffusion of moisture in polymer composite materials with drop-weight impact damage

Mechanics of Composite Materials ◽

10.1007/s11029-016-9547-6 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 51 (6) ◽

pp. 761-770 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

V. O. Startsev ◽

S. V. Panin ◽

O. V. Startsev

Keyword(s):

Composite Materials ◽

Polymer Composite ◽

Impact Damage ◽

Polymer Composite Materials ◽

Drop Weight ◽

Weight Impact ◽

And Diffusion

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Assessment of PZT transducer bonding techniques under drop-weight impact loading in composites

10.1117/12.880645 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Kyle R. Mulligan ◽

Pierre-Claude Ostiguy ◽

Patrice Masson ◽

Saïd Elkoun ◽

Nicolas Quaegebeur

Keyword(s):

Impact Loading ◽

Drop Weight ◽

Weight Impact

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Effects of interface strength gradation on impact damage mechanisms in polypropylene/woven glass fabric composites

Composites Part B Engineering ◽

10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.12.004 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 90 ◽

pp. 179-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

S. Boccardi ◽

C. Meola ◽

G.M. Carlomagno ◽

L. Sorrentino ◽

G. Simeoli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Impact Damage ◽

Interface Strength ◽

Glass Fabric ◽

Damage Mechanisms ◽

Fabric Composites

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3D Progressive Failure Modeling of Drop-Weight Impact on Composite Laminates

10.31219/osf.io/rhmns ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

DC Pham

Keyword(s):

Composite Laminates ◽

Impact Damage ◽

Progressive Failure ◽

Damage Model ◽

Matrix Cracking ◽

Structural Level ◽

Velocity Impact ◽

Drop Weight ◽

Weight Impact ◽

The Impact

Composite laminates are susceptible to out-of-plane impact loads due to the lack of reinforcement in the through-thickness direction. Unlike the localized damage induced by a high velocity impact where the incident energy is dissipated near a contact area, low velocity impact damage involves multiple failure mechanisms such as matrix cracking, fiber breakage, and widespread interface delaminations. Depending on the extent of damage, significant reduction in the load-bearing capability of the structure has been observed. The prediction of composite impact damage resistance by a reliable progressive damage analysis tool is essential to reduce intensive and expensive certification tests at structural level. In this work, an enhanced explicit 3D damage model is implemented via VUMAT in Abaqus to perform a drop-weight impact simulation of a [454/04/-454/904]s Hexply AS4/8552 composite laminate. The impact-induced damage and its extent are captured by a 3D Continuum Damage Model (CDM) coupled with an energy driven failure mechanism. The developed module provides a unified solution process for the impact response prediction followed by the residual strength prediction under compression within an explicit solver. Two examples are selected to demonstrate the capability of the progressive failure analysis under dynamic and static loading: 1) a drop-weight test; and 2) an open-hole tension test. Numerical predictions from the developed VUMAT are compared with the test data and predictions using the open source CompDam code developed by NASA.

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