Youth Cognition Surrounding Bullying of Peers With Disabilities: Inclusion, Intervention, and the Role of the Group

Children with disabilities often experience high rates of bullying, teasing, and social exclusion and these experiences are related to a host of negative outcomes for children who are victimized by these forms of bias-based bullying. Little is known, however, about children’s cognition regarding bullying and exclusion of youth with disabilities. The current study measured children’s (9- to 10- and 11- to 12-year-olds; N = 90) social cognition regarding bullying and exclusion of peers with different types of disabilities. Results revealed that children’s expectations of how inclusive their peers would be toward youth with disabilities were related to participants’ own inclusion expectations and that male participants and those who reported greater levels of frustration were less likely to expect that they would include peers with disabilities. Furthermore, participants’ moral judgments about the harmful nature of bullying and their own rates of aggressive behavior were associated with their likelihood of intervening if they observed youth with disabilities being victimized. Finally, results indicated variation in types of intervention behaviors children expected to employ. The findings indicate that youth recognize the importance of challenging bullying and exclusion of youth with disabilities, but that they are also influenced by their perceptions of peer responses.

Download Full-text

Is Empathy Required for Making Moral Judgments?

10.1093/oso/9780190878597.003.0007 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

John Deigh

Keyword(s):

Moral Judgment ◽

Moral Judgments ◽

Psychopathic Personality ◽

Critical Examination ◽

Psychological Profile ◽

Main Thesis ◽

Different Types ◽

Additional Support

This essay is a study of the nature of moral judgment. Its main thesis is that moral judgment is a type of judgment defined by its content and not its psychological profile. The essay arrives at this thesis through a critical examination of Hume’s sentimentalism and the role of empathy in its account of moral judgment. The main objection to Hume’s account is its exclusion of people whom one can describe as making moral judgments though they have no motivation to act on them. Consideration of such people, particularly those with a psychopathic personality, argues for a distinction between different types of moral judgment in keeping with the essay’s main thesis. Additional support for the main thesis is then drawn from Piaget’s theory of moral judgment in children.

Download Full-text

The Role of Social Context During Television Viewing on Children’s Moral Judgments About Social Exclusion and Stigmatization of Others

Media Psychology ◽

10.1080/15213269.2017.1378111 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 133-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Drew P. Cingel ◽

Sindy R. Sumter ◽

Jiska van de Leur

Keyword(s):

Social Context ◽

Social Exclusion ◽

Television Viewing ◽

Moral Judgments

Download Full-text

The Moral Psychology of Raceless, Genderless Strangers

Perspectives on Psychological Science ◽

10.1177/1745691619885840 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 216-230 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Neil Hester ◽

Kurt Gray

Keyword(s):

Social Cognition ◽

Police Officer ◽

Moral Psychology ◽

Real World ◽

Moral Judgments ◽

Structural Elements ◽

Social Judgments ◽

Group Affiliation

Moral psychology uses tightly controlled scenarios in which the identities of the characters are either unspecified or vague. Studies with raceless, genderless strangers help to highlight the important structural elements of moral acts (e.g., intention, causation, harm) but may not generalize to real-world judgments. As researchers have long shown, social judgments hinge on the identities (e.g., race, gender, age, religion, group affiliation) of both target and perceiver. Asking whether people generally condemn “shooting someone” is very different from asking whether liberals as opposed to conservatives condemn “a White police officer shooting a Black suspect.” We argue for the importance of incorporating identity into moral psychology. We briefly outline the central role of identity in social judgments before reviewing current theories in moral psychology. We then advocate an expanded person-centered morality—synthesizing moral psychology with social cognition—to better capture everyday moral judgments.

Download Full-text

Investing in Parenting Education: A Critical Review of Policy and Provision in England

Social Policy and Society ◽

10.1017/s1474746409990182 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 39-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Harriet Churchill ◽

Karen Clarke

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

Social Exclusion ◽

Critical Review ◽

Parenting Education ◽

Government Policies ◽

Children And Young People ◽

Different Types ◽

Outcomes For Children ◽

Parent Child Relationships ◽

Parent Child

Parenting education has been given an increasingly important role in government policies to address social exclusion. This paper examines the basis for investing in parenting programmes and reviews the various different types of parenting education provision. It discusses the evidence on the effectiveness of multi-component and group parenting programmes in modifying parent–child relationships and the outcomes for children and young people. The paper concludes that while such programmes appear to produce beneficial outcomes, it is important that they remain linked to a strategy that does not individualise the causes of social exclusion.

Download Full-text

The behavioral and neural basis of empathic blame

10.31234/osf.io/8umzq ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Indrajeet Patil ◽

Marta Calo ◽

Federico fFornasier ◽

Fiery Andrews Cushman ◽

Giorgia Silani

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Moral Judgment ◽

Moral Judgments ◽

Neural Basis ◽

Different Types ◽

Actual Harm ◽

Empathy For Pain ◽

Harm Condition

Mature moral judgments rely both on a perpetrator’s intent to cause harm, and also on the actual harm caused—even when unintended. Much prior research asks how intent information is represented neurally, but little asks how even unintended harms influence judgment. We interrogate the psychological and neural basis of this process, focusing especially on the role of empathy for the victim of a harmful act. Using fMRI, we found that the ‘empathy for pain’ network was involved in encoding harmful outcomes and integrating harmfulness information for different types of moral judgments, and individual differences in the extent to which this network was active during encoding and integration of harmfulness information determined severity of moral judgments. Additionally, activity in the network was down-regulated for acceptability, but not blame, judgments for accidental harm condition, suggesting that these two types of moral evaluations are neurobiologically dissociable. These results support a model of “empathic blame”, whereby the perceived suffering of a victim colors moral judgment of an accidental harmdoer.

Download Full-text

The effects of different types of social exclusion on creative thinking: The role of self-construal

Personality and Individual Differences ◽

10.1016/j.paid.2020.110215 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 166 ◽

pp. 110215

Author(s):

Cuicui Sun ◽

Hui Fu ◽

Zhijin Zhou ◽

David Haywood Cropley

Keyword(s):

Social Exclusion ◽

Creative Thinking ◽

Self Construal ◽

Different Types

Download Full-text

Refining our understanding of the “elephant in the room”

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x20000096 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

Author(s):

Andrew Whiten

Keyword(s):

Social Cognition ◽

Cultural Evolution ◽

Cognitive Abilities ◽

Critical Factors ◽

Technological Culture

Abstract The authors do the field of cultural evolution a service by exploring the role of non-social cognition in human cumulative technological culture, truly neglected in comparison with socio-cognitive abilities frequently assumed to be the primary drivers. Some specifics of their delineation of the critical factors are problematic, however. I highlight recent chimpanzee–human comparative findings that should help refine such analyses.

Download Full-text

Potential Uses of Vinegar as a Medicine and Related in vivo Mechanisms

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000440 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 86 (3-4) ◽

pp. 127-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Zeshan Ali ◽

Zhenbin Wang ◽

Rai Muhammad Amir ◽

Shoaib Younas ◽

Asif Wali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Structure ◽

Review Paper ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Active Role ◽

Current Review ◽

Different Types ◽

Positive Effect

While the use of vinegar to fi ght against infections and other crucial conditions dates back to Hippocrates, recent research has found that vinegar consumption has a positive effect on biomarkers for diabetes, cancer, and heart diseases. Different types of vinegar have been used in the world during different time periods. Vinegar is produced by a fermentation process. Foods with a high content of carbohydrates are a good source of vinegar. Review of the results of different studies performed on vinegar components reveals that the daily use of these components has a healthy impact on the physiological and chemical structure of the human body. During the era of Hippocrates, people used vinegar as a medicine to treat wounds, which means that vinegar is one of the ancient foods used as folk medicine. The purpose of the current review paper is to provide a detailed summary of the outcome of previous studies emphasizing the role of vinegar in treatment of different diseases both in acute and chronic conditions, its in vivo mechanism and the active role of different bacteria.

Download Full-text