Persistent Disability Associated with Ankle Sprains: A Prospective Examination of an Athletic Population

1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 653-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Parry Gerber ◽  
Glenn N. Williams ◽  
Charles R. Scoville ◽  
Robert A. Arciero ◽  
Dean C. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Physical Examination ◽  
Ankle Sprain ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ankle Injuries ◽  
Return To Sports ◽  
Ankle Sprains ◽  
Residual Symptoms ◽  
Athletic Population ◽  
Early Return ◽  
Hop Test

The purpose of this study was to examine a young athletic population to update the data regarding epidemiology and disability associated with ankle injuries. At the United States Military Academy, all cadets presenting with ankle injuries during a 2-month period were included in this prospective observational study. The initial evaluation included an extensive questionnaire, physical examination, and radiographs. Ankle sprain treatment included a supervised rehabilitation program. Subjects were reevaluated at 6 weeks and 6 months with subjective assessment, physical examination, and functional testing. The mean age for all subjects was 20 years (range, 17–24 years). There were 104 ankle injuries accounting for 23% of all injuries seen. There were 96 sprains, 7 fractures, and 1 contusion. Of the 96 sprains, 4 were predominately medial injuries, 76 were lateral, and 16 were syndesmosis sprains. Ninety-five percent had returned to sports activities by 6 weeks; however, 55% of these subjects reported loss of function or presence of intermittent pain, and 23% had a decrement of >20% in the lateral hop test when compared with the uninjured side. At 6 months, all subjects had returned to full activity; however, 40% reported residual symptoms and 2.5% had a decrement of >20% on the lateral hop test. Neither previous injury nor ligament laxity was predictive of chronic symptomatology. Furthermore, chronic dysfunction could not be predicted by the grade of sprain (grade I vs. II). The factor most predictive of residual symptoms was a syndesmosis sprain, regardless of grade. Syndesmosis sprains were most prevalent in collision sports. This study demonstrates that even though our knowledge and understanding of ankle sprains and rehabilitation of these injuries have progressed in the last 20 years, chronic ankle dysfunction continues to be a prevalent problem. The early return to sports occurs after almost every ankle sprain; however, dysfunction persists in 40% of patients for as long as 6 months after injury. Syndesmosis sprains are more common than previously thought, and this confirms that syndesmosis sprains are associated with prolonged disability.

scholarly journals Treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus in athletes: what is the evidence?

Joints ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
pp. 111-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Vannini ◽  
Giuseppe Costa ◽  
Silvio Caravelli ◽  
Gherardo Pagliazzi ◽  
Massimiliano Mosca
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Sports Injuries ◽  
Ankle Injuries ◽  
Osteochondral Lesions ◽  
Return To Sports ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
Athletic Population ◽  
Early Return

Purpose: ankle injuries make up 15% of all sports injuries and osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs) are an increasingly frequent problem in active patients. There exist no widely shared guidelines on OLT treatment in the athletic population. The aim of this paper is to review all the existing literature evidence on the surgical treatment of OLTs in athletes, in order to determine the current state of the art in this specific population, underlining both the limits and the potential of the strategies used. Methods: a systematic review of the literature was performed focusing on the different types of surgical treatment used for OLTs in athletes. The screening process and analysis were performed separately by two independent researchers. The inclusion criteria for relevant articles were: clinical reports of any level of evidence, written in English, with no time limitation, or clinical reports describing the treatment of OLTs in the athletic population. Results: with the consensus of the two observers, relevant data were then extracted and collected in a single database to be analyzed for the purposes of the present manuscript. At the end of the process, 16 papers met the selection criteria. These papers report a total of 642 athletic patients with OCTs. Conclusions: the ideal treatment for cartilage lesions in athletes is a controversial topic, due to the need for an early return to sports, especially in elite players; this need leads to extensive use of microfractures in this population, despite the poor quality of repair associated with this technique. None of the surgical strategies described in this paper seems to be superior to the others. Level of evidence: systematic review of level IV studies, level IV.

scholarly journals POSTERIOR TIBIAL TENDON INJURY - IS MISSED DIAGNOSIS, A POSSIBILITY? SHOULD IT BE SUSPECTED IN ALLANKLE EVERSION SPRAINS? - A CASE REPORT

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Chavda Sumant ◽  
Garg Chaitanya ◽  
George, Biji Thomas ◽  
Jad Allah, Bader
Keyword(s):  
Physical Examination ◽  
Ankle Sprain ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Ankle Injuries ◽  
Radiographic Evaluation ◽  
Tibialis Posterior ◽  
Posterior Tibial Tendon ◽  
Persistent Symptoms ◽  
Posterior Tibial ◽  
Ankle Brace

Ankle sprains are one of the most common injuries that occur among people of all ages and accounts for 75% of ankle injuries and for 10 to 30 percent of sports-related injuries in young athletes. Inversion sprain is more common than eversion ankle sprain, to result in injury to the lateral ligament complex. Though injury to the posterior tibial tendon is not a very common injury associated with eversion ankle sprain, it often can be overlooked and missed in the initial physical examination. We present a case of a college student who sustained a twisting injury to his left ankle while playing football. After initial history, physical examination and plain radiographic evaluation, a diagnosis of eversion ankle sprain was made by a general practitioner and treated conservatively. Due to persistent symptoms and local signs, subsequent evaluation with an MRI study revealed tibialis posterior (TP) tendon strain with diffuse soft tissue swelling extending up to lower third of the leg and associated Grade I osteochondral injury to the posterolateral aspect of talus. The injury was successfully treated with medial arch support ankle brace, analgesics, guarded weight bearing and physiotherapy with full functional recovery in 12 weeks.

scholarly journals Role of magnetic resonance imaging in ankle sprains

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 438-445
Author(s):  
Nawroz Othman ◽  
Salwa AL-Najjar
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Clinical Evaluation ◽  
Ankle Sprain ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Ankle Injuries ◽  
Bone Lesions ◽  
Ankle Sprains ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Imaging Results

Background and objective: Musculoskeletal injuries frequently occur in the ankle in both the athletic and general population. Ankle sprains are among the most frequent types of ankle injuries, which are conventionally diagnosed through clinical examinations. However, magnetic resonance imaging can provide a more precise diagnosis, leading to better injury management and prevention of consequent chronic complications. The present study aimed to examine the significance of magnetic resonance imaging in detecting and assessing changes that occur in ligaments and soft tissues in patients with ankle sprains. Methods: In a prospective study, 50 patients with ankle sprain referred to Rizgary and Erbil Teaching hospitals in Erbil city, Iraqi Kurdistan Region, from March 2018 to April 2019, were included in the study. They underwent clinical evaluation and MRI (GE general electric 1.5 Tesla). Two expert radiologists analyzed the magnetic resonance imaging images, and the results were compared. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 23 through descriptive statistics. Results: Most patients (64%) belonged to the age groups of 30-49 years old. Most of them (64%) were males. Most events of ankle sprain (66%) were because of sports and accidents. The clinical evaluation proved 82% of the ankle sprains. Regarding the laterality of the lesions, 60% were spotted in the right ankles and 40% in the left. According to magnetic resonance imaging results, both radiologists diagnosed that the ankle sprains included bone lesions, ligament injury, tendon injury, and effusion. There was an agreement of ≥ 96% between the two radiologists in this regard. The two radiologists were not significantly different in terms of diagnosing the ligament side. As reported by the radiologists based on the magnetic resonance imaging images, the anterior, lateral, and medial tendons were normal in most cases. Conclusion: Magnetic resonance imaging is a vitally important tool that can be utilized reliably and accurately to diagnose and evaluate changes in ligaments and soft tissues in patients with ankle sprains. Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); Ankle sprain; Ligaments; Injuries.

Risk Factors Influencing the Incidence of Ankle Sprain Among Elite Football and Basketball Players: A Prospective Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 193864002092125
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hosein Pourgharib Shahi ◽  
Maryam Selk Ghaffari ◽  
Mohammad Ali Mansournia ◽  
Farzin Halabchi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ankle Sprain ◽  
Ankle Injuries ◽  
Ankle Sprains ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Generalized Joint Laxity ◽  
History Of ◽  
A Prospective Study

Introduction. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether certain intrinsic factors (foot hyperpronation, generalized joint laxity) and clinical tests (anterior drawer and talar tilt tests, single-leg balance test and star excursion balance test, ankle and first metatarsophalangeal range of motion) could predict the incidence of lateral ankle sprains among elite football and basketball players during a full year. Method. In a prospective cohort study, 106 elite basketball and football players were recruited. During the preseason period, players underwent baseline measurements. Team physicians in following year reported occurrence of new ankle sprains. Results. Ankle sprain was more frequent among basketball players ( P = .01). The history of recurrent ( P = .001) and acute ankle sprain ( P = .01) and each 5-year increase in age ( P = .039) were predictive factors for ankle sprain. No evidence for relationship between other risk factors and occurrence of ankle sprain were achieved. Conclusion. In our study, the history of recurrent and acute ankle sprain was the strongest predictor for ankle injuries. Considering the limitations of this study, it seems mandatory to conduct more prospective studies with a larger sample size and longer follow-up period. Levels of Evidence: Level II: Prognostic

scholarly journals Ultasound guided management of ankle sprain

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 591
Author(s):  
Mattam Sanjay ◽  
Babulreddy Bommireddy ◽  
Matapathi Umamahesh
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Sprain ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Sports Injuries ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Ankle Sprains ◽  
High Frequency Ultrasound ◽  
Diagnostic Modality ◽  
Residual Symptoms ◽  
One Year ◽  
Frequency Ultrasound

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Ankle<strong> </strong>sprain accounts for 15-20% of sports injuries. They are complex injuries and studies that better delineate the etiology are needed. The accuracy of ultrasound as a diagnostic modality of ankle sprain is comparable to MRI.<sup>  </sup>In this study we evaluated the use of ultrasound in delineating the grade of sprain, with special emphasis of grade 2 sprains.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> We prospectively studied 80 ankle sprains of over two years. All the patients with features of ankle sprain were evaluated with high frequency ultrasound. Grade 1 &amp; 2 sprains were included in the study. All the patients were followed up for 1 year. Grade 2 sprains were treated with cast for 6 weeks and evaluated for any residual symptoms and chronicity.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> There were 51 males and 29 females with right ankle injured in 57 patients. Seventy-three patients were injured during their leisure activities and 7 were sports injuries. According to ultrasound grading, there were 58 grade 1 injuries, 22 being grade 2 sprain. All the patients were followed up till 1 year. At the end of one year, 79 patients were recovered well with no residual symptoms.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Ultrasonogram effectively differentiates grade 1 from grade 2 and gives a clue for further management. Therefore, we recommend routine use of ultrasonogram for every ankle sprain. For grade 2 sprains, rigid immobilization for 6 weeks gives excellent results with no residual symptoms.</p>

scholarly journals The epidemiology, evaluation, and assessment of lateral ankle sprains in athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 008-017
Author(s):  
Cavazos Jr. G Javier ◽  
Harkless Lawrence B
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ankle Injuries ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Ankle Sprains ◽  
Lateral Ankle ◽  
True Incidence

Approximately 30,000 ankle injuries occur every day in the United States. With the incidence estimated at more than 3 million a year and at a rate of 2.15/1,000 in the U.S. alone, medical specialists and other healthcare providers caring for the foot and ankle must take notice. Despite the millions of ankle injuries sustained annually, the true incidence may be underestimated, as fewer than half of individuals with ankle sprains seek medical attention from healthcare professionals. The economic burden associated with the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment is close to $4 billion annually. Ankle sprains account for half of all sports injuries and remains a difficult diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in the athlete. Accurate diagnosis is critical as 40% of ankle sprains are misdiagnosed or poorly treated leading to chronic ankle pain and disability. Implementing evidence supported diagnostic and treatment strategies is the goal for ensuring safe and rapid return to play. The Lateral Ankle Sprain (LAS) is among the most common type of ankle sprains suffered during athletic activities. Up to 80% of LAS are of the inversion type, and 75% lead to recurrence and instability. Although most individuals experiencing a LAS return to activity within six weeks, many report continued pain, diminished function, and instability. The purpose of this review is to highlight the epidemiology, pathoetiology, pathoanatomy, and biomechanics of the LAS, enabling sports physicians to implement the best practice guidelines and protocols to manage this common enigma.

scholarly journals Trends in Pediatric Skateboard Related Foot and Ankle Injuries Presented to US Emergency Departments from 2009-2018: A Descriptive Epidemiology Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 2473011420S0043
Author(s):  
Devon Scott ◽  
Stephen P. Canton ◽  
MaCalus V. Hogan ◽  
Dukens LaBaze
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Emergency Departments ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ankle Injuries ◽  
Urgent Care ◽  
Ankle Sprains ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
Injury Surveillance System ◽  
Hospital Size ◽  
Time Period

Category: Ankle; Sports; Trauma; Other Introduction/Purpose: Skateboarding has been a part of American culture since its origins in the 1960s. ESPN’s X Games debuted in the 90s and popularity soared. In 1996, there were an estimated 5.8 millions children that participated in the sports with some 750,000 involved weekly. In 1999, there was approximately 51,000 pediatric skateboard related injuries seen in United States emergency rooms. Most injuries happen when the skateboard comes into contact with irregularities in the riding surface. A previous study showed that from 1987-1998, ankle sprains/strains were the most common injury seen in the emergency department (ED). The purpose of this study is to examine the updated trends of skateboard related foot and ankle injuries (SFA) from the years 2009 to 2018. Methods: Data was obtained from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS). Injury data is obtained daily from the emergency departments of approximately 100 hospitals across the United States and its territories. This serves as a probability sample of over 5000 hospitals across the country. Each case recorded is given a statistical weight based on the study design. CPSC analysis has the ability to make adjustments to more accurately represent the entire U.S. population. Hospitals are grouped into five strata mostly based on hospital size and number of ED visits they receive per year. The database was set with query inputs of patients aged 2-17 that presented to the ED with skateboard related lower leg, ankle, or foot (fracture and/or sprain. Time period queried was between January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2018. Results: An estimated total of 107,712 pediatric patients had a SFA injury between 2009-2018. With a mean age of 13.8 years. There was approximately 644,030 total skateboard related injuries. SFA injuries accounted 18.4 % in 2010 and 14.8 % in 2018. There was an estimated total of 4,263,682 foot and ankle sprains and/or fracture, of which 3.4% were SFA in 2010. The annual rate of injury per 100,000 children has decreased 72.1% from 23.3 to 6.5. Skateboard participation was approximately 7.35 millions riders above the age of 6 in the U.S in 2009, this number has declined 12.4% to 6.44 in 2016 with the lowest year being 2011 at 5.83 million. Since 2012 to 2016 this participation figure has ranged from 6.35 – 6.63 million. Conclusion: The decline in the number of participants in the sport has been far outpaced by the decline in injuries being seen in the ED. For the time period of this study, the style and structure of the footwear have not varied significantly. A study showed that shoe height did not change ankle inversion angle. Another possible factor is increase urgent care usage. The number of centers has increased 43.8% from 2013 to 2018. In 2016 these centers saw 4% of all their claims be sprains or strains. Further research is needed to trend data for other points of care.

scholarly journals Doctor YouTube: A Quality Analysis Of Medical Information Videos On The Video Platform YouTube On Ankle Sprain

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 2473011419S0045
Author(s):  
Michael Zyskowski ◽  
Sebastian Pesch ◽  
Frederik Greve ◽  
Francesca von Matthey ◽  
Markus Wurm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Ankle Sprain ◽  
Medical Information ◽  
Ankle Injuries ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Search Term ◽  
Ankle Sprains ◽  
Ankle Pain ◽  
Video Tutorials

Category: Ankle, Sports, Trauma Introduction/Purpose: The video portal YouTube has evolved from pure entertainment to professional and semi-professional video tutorials and medical video channels in the recent past. As a result, YouTube today is a source of information that is widely used by patients and relatives. Ankle sprains are one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries, this study was designed to analyze the quality of informational videos available on YouTube and to identify potential hazards as well as content errors. Methods: In July 2016, YouTube was searched for the terms “ankle sprain”, “high ankle sprain”, “ankle pain” and “ankle pain distortion”. The analysis was limited to the first 5 result pages for each search term. Only English and German videos were included. The videos were found by 2 independent evaluators (MZ, SP) using a multi-dimensional score checklist for the sections anatomy, risk factors and symptoms (max 8 pts), biomechanics (max 3 pts), imaging (max 2 pts), clinical examination (max 6 pts), treatment (max 5 pts), rehabilitation measures (max 2 pts) and prevention (max 2 pts) with a maximum scores per contribution of 31 pts evaluated. Results: The mean score of the video quality was 11.5 ± 4.5 pts. Distribution of points by subgroup: anatomy, risk factors and symptoms 3.7 ± 1.4, biomechanics 1,8 ± 1.2, imaging 0.9 ± 0.8, clinical examination 1.3 ± 1.2, treatment 2 ± 1.3, rehabilitation 1.1 ± 0.9, prevention 0.6 ± 1. No evaluated contribution achieved “very good” Quality Assessment Score of 25-31 pts, one video was rated ”good” with 21-26 pts, 2 videos were “satisfactory” (20-16 pts), 14 videos ”sufficient” (15-10 pts.). 7 videos were rated as “insufficient” (9-4 pts). One clip (2.5 pts) was rated as a promotional video. A slight correlation between views by videos and score (r = 0.11) and a small correlation between the total score and Likes occured (r = 0.15). Conclusion: Patients watching online video tutorials on ankle injuries are seeking valid information. YouTube gives an extensive video footage of low quality. The defective and incorrect information analyzed by us must be corrected by medical advice. Furthermore, the presented investigation shows an average to bad quality so that the introduction of a seal of approval by the AOFAS for digital content, based on an evidence-based quality control should be discussed in the future.

Determination of In Situ Ankle Ligament Strains in Cases of High and Medial Ankle Sprains

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith D. Button ◽  
Feng Wei ◽  
Eric G. Meyer ◽  
Kathleen Fitzsimons ◽  
Roger C. Haut
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Sprain ◽  
Ankle Injury ◽  
Ankle Injuries ◽  
Deltoid Ligament ◽  
Generic Model ◽  
Ankle Sprains ◽  
Ligament Injuries ◽  
Lateral Ankle Sprain ◽  
Lateral Ankle ◽  
Tibiofibular Ligament

Ankle sprain is a common occurrence in sports, accounting for 10–30% of injuries [1]. While approximately 85% of ankle sprains are lateral ankle injuries, syndesmotic (high) and medial injuries typically result in more time off the field. In order to help limit or mitigate ankle injuries, it is important to understand the mechanisms of injury. While numerous biomechanical studies have been conducted to investigate ankle injuries, most of them are designed to study ankle fractures rather than sprains. Ankle sprains have been graded in the clinical literature and associated with the degree of damage to a ligament resulting from excessive strains [2]. Recently, there have been studies of lateral ankle sprain in laboratory settings [3,4] and based on investigation of game films [5], providing considerable insight into the mechanism of lateral ankle sprain. On the other hand, few biomechanical studies have been conducted on high and medial ankle sprains. A more recent study from our laboratory used human cadaver limbs to investigate such injuries [6]. The study showed that the type of ankle injury, whether medial or high, under excessive levels of external foot rotation depends on the extent of foot eversion [6]. Everted limbs showed isolated anterior tibiofibular ligament injuries (high ankle sprain) only, while neutral limbs mostly demonstrated deltoid ligament failures (medial ankle sprain). Additionally, the study documented grade II (partial tears) and grade III (ruptures) ligament injuries. While a computational ankle model has also been developed and validated to help understand the mechanisms of injury [7], it is a generic model. The objective of the current study was to develop computational, subject-specific models from those cadaver limbs and determine the levels of ligament strain generated in the medial and high ankle injury cases, as well as correlate the grades of injury with ligament strains from the computational model.

scholarly journals Proprioceptive Training for the Prevention of Ankle Sprains: An Evidence-Based Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 1065-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Rivera ◽  
Zachary K. Winkelmann ◽  
Cameron J. Powden ◽  
Kenneth E. Games
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Ankle Sprain ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ankle Sprains ◽  
Athletic Population ◽  
Proprioceptive Training ◽  
History Of

Reference:  Schiftan GS, Ross LA, Hahne AJ. The effectiveness of proprioceptive training in preventing ankle sprains in sporting populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2015;18(3):238–244. Clinical Question:  Does the use of proprioceptive training as a sole intervention decrease the incidence of initial or recurrent ankle sprains in the athletic population? Data Sources:  The authors completed a comprehensive literature search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) from inception to October 2013. The reference lists of all identified articles were manually screened to obtain additional studies. The following key words were used. Phase 1 population terms were sport*, athlet*, and a combination of the two. Phase 2 intervention terms were propriocept*, balance, neuromusc* adj5 train*, and combinations thereof. Phase 3 condition terms were ankle adj5 sprain*, sprain* adj5 ankle, and combinations thereof. Study Selection:  Studies were included according to the following criteria: (1) the design was a moderate- to high-level randomized controlled trial (&gt;4/10 on the PEDro scale), (2) the participants were physically active (regardless of previous ankle injury), (3) the intervention group received proprioceptive training only, compared with a control group that received no proprioceptive training, and (4) the rate of ankle sprains was reported as a main outcome. Search results were limited to the English language. No restrictions were placed on publication dates. Data Extraction:  Two authors independently reviewed the studies for eligibility. The quality of the pertinent articles was assessed using the PEDro scale, and data were extracted to calculate the relative risk. Data extracted were number of participants, intervention, frequency, duration, follow-up period, and injury rate. Main Results:  Of the initial 345 studies screened, 7 were included in this review for a total of 3726 participants. Three analyses were conducted for proprioceptive training used (1) to prevent ankle sprains regardless of history (n = 3654), (2) to prevent recurrent ankle sprains (n = 1542), or (3) as the primary preventive measure for those without a history of ankle sprain (n = 946). Regardless of a history of ankle sprain, participants had a reduction in ankle-sprain rates (relative risk [RR] = 0.65, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.55, 0.77; numbers needed to treat [NNT] = 17, 95% CI = 11, 33). For individuals with a history of ankle sprains, proprioceptive training demonstrated a reduction in repeat ankle sprains (RR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.51, 0.81; NNT = 13, 95% CI = 7, 100). Proprioceptive training as a primary preventive measure demonstrated significant results (RR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.34, 0.97; NNT = 33, 95% CI = 16, 1000). Conclusions:  Proprioceptive training programs were effective in reducing the incidence rates of ankle sprains in the athletic population, including those with and those without a history of ankle sprains.

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