ClC-3: A Novel Promising Therapeutic Target for Atherosclerosis

2021 ◽  
pp. 107424842110236
Author(s):  
Dun Niu ◽  
Lanfang Li ◽  
Zhizhong Xie
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Chloride Channels ◽  
Foam Cell ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Foam Cell Formation ◽  
Endothelium Dysfunction ◽  
Atherosclerotic Process

Chloride channel 3 (ClC-3), a Cl−/H+ antiporter, has been well established as a member of volume-regulated chloride channels (VRCCs). ClC-3 may be a crucial mediator for activating inflammation-associated signaling pathways by regulating protein phosphorylation. A growing number of studies have indicated that ClC-3 overexpression plays a crucial role in mediating increased plasma low-density lipoprotein levels, vascular endothelium dysfunction, pro-inflammatory activation of macrophages, hyper-proliferation and hyper-migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), as well as oxidative stress and foam cell formation, which are the main factors responsible for atherosclerotic plaque formation in the arterial wall. In the present review, we summarize the molecular structures and classical functions of ClC-3. We further discuss its emerging role in the atherosclerotic process. In conclusion, we explore the potential role of ClC-3 as a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.

scholarly journals Protective Effect of Lusianthridin on Hemin-Induced Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 567
Author(s):  
Su Wutyi Thant ◽  
Noppawan Phumala Morales ◽  
Visarut Buranasudja ◽  
Boonchoo Sritularak ◽  
Rataya Luechapudiporn
Keyword(s):  
Foam Cell ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Foam Cell Formation ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Lipoprotein Oxidation ◽  
Raw 264.7 Macrophage Cells ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein Oxidation

Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Hemin (iron (III)-protoporphyrin IX) is a degradation product of hemoglobin that can be found in thalassemia patients. Hemin is a strong oxidant that can cause LDL oxidation and contributes to atherosclerosis in thalassemia patients. Lusianthridin from Dendrobium venustrum is a phenolic compound that possesses antioxidant activity. Hence, lusianthridin could be a promising compound to be used against hemin-induced oxidative stress. The major goal of this study is to evaluate the protective effect of lusianthridin on hemin-induced low-density lipoprotein oxidation (he-oxLDL). Here, various concentrations of lusianthridin (0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 µM) were preincubated with LDL for 30 min, then 5 µM of hemin was added to initiate the oxidation, and oxidative parameters were measured at various times of incubation (0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 h). Lipid peroxidation of LDL was measured by thiobarbituric reactive substance (TBARs) assay and relative electrophoretic mobility (REM). The lipid composition of LDL was analyzed by using reverse-phase HPLC. Foam cell formation with he-oxLDL in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells was detected by Oil Red O staining. The results indicated that lusianthridin could inhibit TBARs formation, decrease REM, decrease oxidized lipid products, as well as preserve the level of cholesteryl arachidonate and cholesteryl linoleate. Moreover, He-oxLDL incubated with lusianthridin for 24 h can reduce the foam cell formation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Taken together, lusianthridin could be a potential agent to be used to prevent atherosclerosis in thalassemia patients.

Abstract 3691: Deletion of Suppressor Of Cytokine Signaling-1 in a Murine Model of Atherosclerosis Results in a Lethal Systemic Inflammation

Circulation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Grothusen ◽  
Harald Schuett ◽  
Stefan Lumpe ◽  
Andre Bleich ◽  
Silke Glage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foam Cell ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Foam Cell Formation ◽  
Cytokine Signaling ◽  
Suppressor Of Cytokine Signaling ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the cardiovascular system which may result in myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. While the role of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways in atherogenesis has been well characterized, the impact of their negative regulators, e.g. suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1 remains to be elucidated. Deficiency of SOCS-1 leads to death 3 weeks post-partum due to an overwhelming inflammation caused by an uncontrolled signalling of interferon-gamma (IFNγ). This phenotype can be rescued by generating recombination activating gene (rag)-2, SOCS-1 double knock out (KO) mice lacking mature lymphocytes, the major source of IFNγ. Since the role of SOCS-1 during atherogenesis is unknown, we investigated the impact of a systemic SOCS-1 deficiency in the low-density lipoprotein receptor (ldlr) KO model of atherosclerosis. Material and Methods: socs-1 −/− /rag-2 −/− deficient mice were crossed with ldlr-KO animals. Mice were kept under sterile conditions on a normal chow diet. For in-vitro analyses, murine socs-1 −/− macrophages were stimulated with native low density lipoprotein (nLDL) or oxidized (ox)LDL. SOCS-1 expression was determined by quantitative PCR and western blot. Foam cell formation was determined by Oil red O staining. Results: socs-1 −/− /rag-2 −/− /ldlr −/− mice were born according to mendelian law. Tripel-KO mice showed a reduced weight and size, were more sensitive to bacterial infections and died within 120 days (N=17). Histological analyses revealed a systemic, necrotic, inflammation in Tripel-KO mice. All other genotypes developed no phenotype. In-vitro observations revealed that SOCS-1 mRNA and protein is upregulated in response to stimulation with oxLDL but not with nLDL. Foam cell formation of socs-1 −/− macrophages was increased compared to controls. Conclusion: SOCS-1 seemingly controls critical steps of atherogenesis by modulating foam cell formation in response to stimulation with oxLDL. SOCS-1 deficiency in the ldlr-KO mouse leads to a lethal inflammation. These observations suggest a critical role for SOCS-1 in the regulation of early inflammatory responses in atherogenesis.

scholarly journals Epac1 regulates cellular SUMOylation by promoting the formation of SUMO-activating nuclear condensates

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenli Yang ◽  
William G Robichaux ◽  
Fang C Mei ◽  
Wel Lin ◽  
Li Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Foam Cell ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cellular Stress ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Foam Cell Formation ◽  
Intracellular Camp ◽  
Protein Sumoylation

Protein SUMOylation plays an essential role in maintaining cellular homeostasis when cells are under stress. However, precisely how SUMOylation is regulated, and a molecular mechanism linking cellular stress to SUMOylation remains elusive. Herein, we report that cAMP, a major stress-response second messenger, acts through Epac1 as a regulator of cellular SUMOylation. The Epac1-associated proteome is highly enriched with components of the SUMOylation pathway. Activation of Epac1 by intracellular cAMP triggers phase separation and the formation of nuclear condensates containing Epac1 and general components of the SUMOylation machinery to promote cellular SUMOylation. Furthermore, genetic knockout of Epac1 obliterates oxidized low-density lipoprotein induced cellular SUMOylation in macrophages, leading to suppression of foam cell formation. These results provide a direct nexus connecting two major cellular stress responses to define a molecular mechanism in which cAMP regulates the dynamics of cellular condensates to modulate protein SUMOylation.

scholarly journals Effects of Very Low Density Lipoprotein from Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic Rabbits on Foam Cell Formation

1988 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 877-879
Author(s):  
Kenji ISHII ◽  
Toru KITA ◽  
Yutaka NAGANO ◽  
Noriaki KUME ◽  
Masayuki YOKODE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foam Cell ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Foam Cell Formation ◽  
Very Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Low Density

scholarly journals Signaling Pathways and Key Genes Involved in Regulation of foam Cell Formation in Atherosclerosis

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia V. Poznyak ◽  
Wei-Kai Wu ◽  
Alexandra A. Melnichenko ◽  
Reinhard Wetzker ◽  
Vasily Sukhorukov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foam Cell ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Foam Cells ◽  
Foam Cell Formation ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Experimental Therapies ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs

Atherosclerosis is associated with acute cardiovascular conditions, such as ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke, and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Our understanding of atherosclerosis and the processes triggering its initiation is constantly improving, and, during the last few decades, many pathological processes related to this disease have been investigated in detail. For example, atherosclerosis has been considered to be a chronic inflammation triggered by the injury of the arterial wall. However, recent works showed that atherogenesis is a more complex process involving not only the immune system, but also resident cells of the vessel wall, genetic factors, altered hemodynamics, and changes in lipid metabolism. In this review, we focus on foam cells that are crucial for atherosclerosis lesion formation. It has been demonstrated that the formation of foam cells is induced by modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The beneficial effects of the majority of therapeutic strategies with generalized action, such as the use of anti-inflammatory drugs or antioxidants, were not confirmed by clinical studies. However, the experimental therapies targeting certain stages of atherosclerosis, among which are lipid accumulation, were shown to be more effective. This emphasizes the relevance of future detailed investigation of atherogenesis and the importance of new therapies development.

scholarly journals Neutrophils as a Novel Target of Modified Low-Density Lipoproteins and an Accelerator of Cardiovascular Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 8312
Author(s):  
Takashi Obama ◽  
Hiroyuki Itabe
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Foam Cell ◽  
Vascular Endothelial Cells ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Oxidative Modification ◽  
Foam Cell Formation ◽  
Low Density

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) significantly contribute to various pathophysiological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases. NET formation in the vasculature exhibits inflammatory and thrombogenic activities on the endothelium. NETs are induced by various stimulants such as exogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) has been physiologically defined as a subpopulation of LDL that comprises various oxidative modifications in the protein components and oxidized lipids, which could act as DAMPs. oxLDL has been recognized as a crucial initiator and accelerator of atherosclerosis through foam cell formation by macrophages; however, recent studies have demonstrated that oxLDL stimulates neutrophils to induce NET formation and enhance NET-mediated inflammatory responses in vascular endothelial cells, thereby suggesting that oxLDL may be involved in cardiovascular diseases through neutrophil activation. As NETs comprise myeloperoxidase and proteases, they have the potential to mediate oxidative modification of LDL. This review summarizes recent updates on the analysis of NETs, their implications for cardiovascular diseases, and prospects for a possible link between NET formation and oxidative modification of lipoproteins.

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