foam cells
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2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 562
Author(s):  
Xiang Ji ◽  
Dan Liu ◽  
Feng Wu ◽  
Yu Cen ◽  
Lan Ma

Atherosclerosis and related complications are the most common causes of death in modern societies. Macrophage-derived foam cells play critical roles in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Effective, rapid, and instrument-independent detection in the early stage of chronic atherosclerosis progression could provide an opportunity for early intervention and treatment. Therefore, as a starting point, in this study, we aimed to isolate and prepare foam cell-specific polypeptides using a phage display platform. The six target polypeptides, which were acquired in this study, were evaluated by ELISA and showed strong specificity with foam cells. Streptavidin coupled quantum dots (QDs) were used as fluorescence developing agents, and images of biotin-modified polypeptides specifically binding with foam cells were clearly observed. The polypeptides obtained in this study could lay the foundation for developing a rapid detection kit for early atherosclerosis lesions and could provide new materials for research on the mechanisms of foam cell formation and the development of blocking drugs.


Author(s):  
Budi Arief Waskito ◽  
Djanggan Sargowo ◽  
Umi Kalsum ◽  
Askandar Tjokroprawiro

Abstract Objectives Cardiovascular diseases, especially atherosclerosis, are the leading cause of human mortality in Indonesia. Ipomoea batatas (L.) is a food plant used in Indonesian traditional medicine to treat cardiovascular diseases and related conditions. We assessed the anti-atherosclerotic activity of the aqueous extract of I. batatas leaves in a rat model of high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis and its mechanism. Methods The presence of amino acid content in the I. batatas L. purple variant was determined by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=6/group), i.e., standard diet group (SD), high-fat diet group (HF), and HF plus I. batatas L. extracts orally (625; 1,250; or 2,500 mg/kg) groups. The numbers of macrophages and aortic wall thickness were analyzed histologically. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed to assess foam cells-oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in the aorta. Results LC-HRMS analysis showed nine amino acid content were identified from I. batatas L. In vivo study revealed that oral administration of I. batatas L. leaf extract alleviated foam cells-oxLDL formation and aortic wall thickness caused by high-fat diet atherosclerosis rats. Further, I. batatas L. leaf extract promoted the number of macrophages and modulated VEGF and eNOS expression in the aorta. Conclusions I. batatas L. leaf extract shows a positive anti-atherosclerosis effect. Furthermore, the mechanism may promote the macrophages, eNOS, VEGF expressions, and inhibition of foam cells-oxLDL formation and aortic wall thickness with the best dosage at 2,500 mg/kg. This could represent a novel approach to prevent cardiovascular diseases.


2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuting Wang ◽  
Shujun Yang ◽  
Yu Chen ◽  
Yutong Chen ◽  
Rongxia Li ◽  
...  

Introduction: Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease characterized by the inflammatory process and lipid depositions. We previously reported that microRNA-216a (miR-216a) can accelerate the progression of atherosclerosis by promoting the polarization of M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype. Ginsenoside Rb2 (Rb2), the major pharmacologically active compound extracted from ginseng, has a high affinity to miR-216a. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether Rb2 can counteract the effect of miR-216a in macrophages to ameliorate atherosclerosis.Methods: The apolipoprotein E deficiency (ApoE−/−) mice model was chronically infected with miR-216a adenovirus via the tail vein and then intraperitoneally injected with Rb2. The plaque lesion area and stability of thoracic aorta were examined. The human myeloid leukemia mononuclear cells (THP-1) or human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured in vitro, transfected with miR-216a mimics, and treated with Rb2 to explore the mechanisms of Rb2 on the polarization of M1 macrophages, inflammatory process, and lipid accumulation.Results: In the atherosclerotic ApoE−/− mice model, miR-216a greatly increased en face aortic lesion area of the thoracic aorta, lipid accumulation, and M1 macrophages infiltration in plaques, whereas these effects of miR-216a on atherosclerosis burden were significantly alleviated by Rb2 treatment. In the in vitro THP-1 model, the flow cytometry experiment showed that Rb2 treatment inhibited miR-216a–mediated polarization of M1 macrophages characterized by the surface marker CD86 expression but had no effects on M2 polarization characterized by the surface marker CD206 expression. Mechanistically, Rb2 suppressed the miR-216a–mediated inflammatory response through the Smad3/nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor alpha pathway. Moreover, Rb2 reduced the lipid uptake and promoted cholesterol efflux by counteracting the effects of miR-216a in the THP-1–derived foam cells and in the PBMC-derived foam cells under the oxidized low-density lipoproteins.Conclusion: Our findings indicated that Rb2 might be a potential therapeutic molecule for atherosclerosis by attenuating the atherosclerosis plaque lesion, lipid accumulation, and M1 macrophages polarization by targeting miR-216a. Given that accumulation of foam cells in the intima takes place chronically, the role of Rb2 in atherosclerosis progression needs further investigation.


2022 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yali Zhang ◽  
Yu Fu ◽  
Linying Jia ◽  
Chenyang Zhang ◽  
Wenbin Cao ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, most of which are caused by atherosclerosis. Discerning processes that participate in macrophage-to-foam cell formation are critical for understanding the basic mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis. To explore the molecular mechanisms of foam cell formation, differentially expressed proteins were identified. Methods Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and obtained macrophages were transformed into foam cells by oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling combined with mass spectrometry was performed to find associations between foam cell transformation and proteome profiles. Results Totally, 5146 quantifiable proteins were identified, among which 1515 and 182 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were found in macrophage/monocyte and foam cell/macrophage, respectively. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that downregulated DEPs of macrophages/monocytes were mostly located in the nucleus, whereas upregulated DEPs of foam cells/macrophages were mostly extracellular or located in the plasma membrane. Functional analysis of DEPs demonstrated that cholesterol metabolism-related proteins were upregulated in foam cells, whereas immune response-related proteins were downregulated in foam cells. The protein interaction network showed that the DEPs with the highest interaction scores between macrophages and foam cells were mainly concentrated in lysosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum. Conclusions Proteomics analysis suggested that cholesterol metabolism was upregulated, while the immune response was suppressed in foam cells. KEGG enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction analysis indicated that DEPs located in the endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes might be key drivers of foam cell formation. These data provide a basis for identifying the potential proteins associated with the molecular mechanism underlying macrophage transformation to foam cells.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuewen Wang ◽  
Ziwei Liang ◽  
Hong Xiang ◽  
Yanqiu Li ◽  
Shuhua Chen ◽  
...  

Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) is known to shape the regulation of macrophage function by participating in multiple processes including cell metabolism, growth, and polarization. However, whether LKB1 also affects the functional plasticity of macrophages in atherosclerosis has not attracted much attention. Abnormal macrophage function is a pathophysiological hallmark of atherosclerosis, characterized by the formation of foam cells and the maintenance of vascular inflammation. Mounting evidence supports that LKB1 plays a vital role in the regulation of macrophage function in atherosclerosis, including affecting lipid metabolism reprogramming, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy in macrophages. Thus, decreased expression of LKB1 in atherosclerosis aggravates vascular injury by inducing excessive lipid deposition in macrophages and the formation of foam cells. To systematically understand the role and potential mechanism of LKB1 in regulating macrophage functions in atherosclerosis, this review summarizes the relevant data in this regard, hoping to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pooja Agarwal ◽  
Siamon Gordon ◽  
Fernando O. Martinez

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects primarily macrophages in the lungs. Infected macrophages are surrounded by other immune cells in well organised structures called granulomata. As part of the response to TB, a type of macrophage loaded with lipid droplets arises which we call Foam cell macrophages. They are macrophages filled with lipid laden droplets, which are synthesised in response to increased uptake of extracellular lipids, metabolic changes and infection itself. They share the appearance with atherosclerosis foam cells, but their lipid contents and roles are different. In fact, lipid droplets are immune and metabolic organelles with emerging roles in Tuberculosis. Here we discuss lipid droplet and foam cell formation, evidence regarding the inflammatory and immune properties of foam cells in TB, and address gaps in our knowledge to guide further research.


Author(s):  
Patricia Snarski ◽  
Sergiy Sukhanov ◽  
Tadashi Yoshida ◽  
Yusuke Higashi ◽  
Svitlana Danchuk ◽  
...  

Objective: IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) exerts pleiotropic effects including promotion of cellular growth, differentiation, survival, and anabolism. We have shown that systemic IGF-1 administration reduced atherosclerosis in Apoe −/ − (apolipoprotein E deficient) mice, and this effect was associated with a reduction in lesional macrophages and a decreased number of foam cells in the plaque. Almost all cell types secrete IGF-1, but the effect of macrophage-derived IGF-1 on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is poorly understood. We hypothesized that macrophage-derived IGF-1 will reduce atherosclerosis. Approach and Results: We created macrophage-specific IGF-1 overexpressing mice on an Apoe − / − background. Macrophage-specific IGF-1 overexpression reduced plaque macrophages, foam cells, and atherosclerotic burden and promoted features of stable atherosclerotic plaque. Macrophage-specific IGF1 mice had a reduction in monocyte infiltration into plaque, decreased expression of CXCL12 (CXC chemokine ligand 12), and upregulation of ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter 1), a cholesterol efflux regulator, in atherosclerotic plaque and in peritoneal macrophages. IGF-1 prevented oxidized lipid-induced CXCL12 upregulation and foam cell formation in cultured THP-1 macrophages and increased lipid efflux. We also found an increase in cholesterol efflux in macrophage-specific IGF1–derived peritoneal macrophages. Conclusions: Macrophage IGF-1 overexpression reduced atherosclerotic burden and increased features of plaque stability, likely via a reduction in CXCL12-mediated monocyte recruitment and an increase in ABCA1-dependent macrophage lipid efflux.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1223-1230
Author(s):  
Rizky Aditya Fardhani ◽  
Reza Dian Pratama ◽  
Nani Maharani ◽  
Bahrudin ◽  
Yuriz Bakhtiar ◽  
...  

Background: Atherosclerosis is the main cause of ischemic heart disease which leads to death for people aged more than 40 years old. Genistein is an important isoflavone compound which may protect the blood vessels from endothelial injury. This research is to observe the efficacy of genistein rich edamame as a prevention for atherosclerotic abdominal aortic lesions that seen from abdominal aortic thickness and foam cells count. Method: Thirty rats were divided randomly into five groups and treated for 28 days. The negative control group was given food and drink ad libitum. The positive control group was induced for atherosclerosis using adrenaline 0.006 mg / 200 gr BW injected on the first day and then the next day was given egg yolk 5 gr / 200 gr BW on next day for 28 days. All of the treatment groups were induced for atherosclerosis and treated with genistein-rich edamame extract 5 mg / 200 gr BW, edamame extract 38 mg / 200 gr BW and atorvastatin 1.5 mg / 200 grBW. Data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA - post hoc Bonferroni test, Kruskal Wallis - Mann Whitney test, and Pearson correlation test. Results: There were significant differences (p<0,001) in abdominal aortic thickness and foam cells count between positive control group and treatment genistein-rich edamame extract, edamame extract and atorvastatin. There was a significant correlation between the abdominal aortic wall thickness and foam cells count (correlation coefficient value 0,753; p<0,001). Conclusion: The administration of genistein-rich edamame extract can prevent the thickening of abdominal aorta and foam cell formation. Genistein-rich edamame can prevent foam cells formation better than atorvastatin.  


Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 5616
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Uram ◽  
Maria Kurańska ◽  
Jacek Andrzejewski ◽  
Aleksander Prociak

This paper presents results of research on the preparation of biochar-modified rigid polyurethane foams that could be successfully used as thermal insulation materials. The biochar was introduced into polyurethane systems in an amount of up to 20 wt.%. As a result, foam cells became elongated in the direction of foam growth and their cross-sectional areas decreased. The filler-containing systems exhibited a reduction in their apparent densities of up to 20% compared to the unfilled system while maintaining a thermal conductivity of 25 mW/m·K. Biochar in rigid polyurethane foams improved their dimensional and thermal stability.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinkai Tang ◽  
Moumita Rakshit ◽  
Huei Min Chua ◽  
Anastasia Darwitan ◽  
Luong T.H. Nguyen ◽  
...  

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