Effects of Prolonged Treatment With Co-trimoxazole on the Thyroid Gland, Liver, and Epididymal Sperm Reserve in Dogs

Co-trimoxazole is an antimicrobial drug gotten from potentiation of sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim. It is widely used for the treatment of bacterial and protozoan infections in humans. It is also used in veterinary clinics against susceptible microorganisms, but thyroid dysfunction has raised concern especially in dogs. This study aimed to determine the effects of prolonged treatment with co-trimoxazole in euthyroid dogs. Dogs were given co-trimoxazole at 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg body weight at 12-hour intervals for 21 days. Standard procedures were used to assay total T4 and T3, thyrotropin, testosterone, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase in serum. The thyroid gland and testes were weighed. In addition, thyroid and liver were examined histologically. Epididymal sperm count was also performed. Co-trimoxazole caused dose-dependent depression of serum thyroxine levels with severe colloid depletion, intrafollicular hemorrhage, hyperplasia, and hypertrophy of the follicular cells. The liver showed vacuolar hepatopathy. Epididymal sperm count was low in the 120 mg/kg–treated group. The study revealed that thyroid hemorrhage and lowered epididymal sperm reserve were new findings in co-trimoxazole toxicity in dogs.

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Effect of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on spermatogenesis in male rats acutely exposed to high altitude (4340 m)

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe.0.1800087 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 180 (1) ◽

pp. 87-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

GF Gonzales ◽

M Gasco ◽

A Cordova ◽

A Chung ◽

J Rubio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Altitude ◽

Sea Level ◽

Sperm Count ◽

Treated Group ◽

Stage I ◽

Male Rats ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Epididymal Sperm ◽

Lepidium Meyenii ◽

Stage Viii

Lepidium meyenii (Maca) is a Peruvian hypocotyl that grows exclusively between 4000 and 4500 m in the central Andes. Maca is traditionally employed in the Andean region for its supposed fertility-enhancing properties.The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that Maca can prevent high altitude-induced testicular disturbances. Adult male rats were exposed for 21 days to an altitude of 4340 m and treated with vehicle or aqueous extract of Maca (666.6 mg/day). The lengths of the stages of the seminiferous epithelium and epididymal sperm counts were obtained at 0, 7, 14 and 21 days of exposure. The stages of the seminiferous tubules were assessed by transillumination. A dose-response study was also performed at sea level to determine the effect of Maca given to male rats at doses of 0, 6.6, 66.6 and 666.6 mg/day for 7 days on body weight, seminiferous tubule stages and epididymal sperm count. The length of stage VIII and the epididymal sperm count were increased in a dose-dependent manner in Maca-treated rats but treatment reduced the length of stage I. At the highest dose, sperm count increased 1.58 times, the length of stage VIII increased 2.4 times and the length of stage I was reduced 0.48 times compared with the value at dose 0. Exposure to high altitude resulted in a reduction in epididymal sperm count after 7 days and lower values were maintained up to 21 days. Altitude reduced spermiation (stage VIII) to half and the onset of spermatogenesis (stages IX-XI) to a quarter on days 7 and 14 but treatment with Maca (666.6 mg/day) prevented these changes. Data on transillumination and epididymal sperm count in the Maca-treated group exposed to high altitude were similar to those obtained at sea level. Maca increased the sperm count on day 21 of exposure to high altitude to values similar (1095.25 +/- 20.41x10(6) sperm, means +/- S.E.M.) to those obtained in the Maca-treated group at sea level (1132.30 +/- 172.95x10(6) sperm). Furthermore, in the Maca-treated group exposed for 21 days to high altitude, epididymal sperm count was higher than in the non-treated group at sea level (690.49 +/- 43.67x10(6) sperm). In conclusion, treatment of rats with Maca at high altitude prevented high altitude-induced spermatogenic disruption.

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Antimalarial Activity of Kaempferol and Its Combination with Chloroquine in Plasmodium berghei Infection in Mice

Journal of Pathogens ◽

10.1155/2018/3912090 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Voravuth Somsak ◽

Awatsada Damkaew ◽

Pinanong Onrak

Keyword(s):

Plasmodium Berghei ◽

Chronic Toxicity ◽

Antimalarial Activity ◽

Chronic Administration ◽

Treated Group ◽

Effective Vaccine ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Standard Procedures ◽

Dose Dependent

The search for new antimalarial drugs has become an urgent requirement due to resistance to the available drugs and the lack of an effective vaccine. In this respect, the present study aimed to evaluate the antimalarial activity of kaempferol against Plasmodium berghei infection in mice as an in vivo model. Chronic toxicity and antimalarial activities of kaempferol alone and in combination with chloroquine were investigated in P. berghei ANKA infected ICR mice using standard procedures. The results showed that chronic administration of 2,000 mg/kg of kaempferol resulted in no overt signs of toxicity as well as no hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, or hematotoxicity. Interestingly, kaempferol exerted significant (P < 0.05) chemosuppressive, chemoprophylactic, and curative activities in a dose-dependent manner. The highest antimalarial activity was found at a dose of 20 mg/kg which resulted in a significantly (P < 0.05) prolonged survival of infected mice. Moreover, combination treatment of chloroquine and kaempferol also presented significant (P < 0.05) antimalarial effects, although the effects were not significantly different from the chloroquine treated group. From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that kaempferol possesses acceptable antimalarial activities. However, further investigation should be undertaken on the mechanism responsible for the observed antimalarial activity.

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Status of Oxidative Stress in Cerebral Cortex and Testes, Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Cerebral Cortex and Sperm Parameters in Cadmium-Exposed Rats

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-3844 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

C. N Makwana ◽

S. S. Rao ◽

U. D. Patel ◽

C. M. Modi ◽

H. B. Patel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Cerebral Cortex ◽

Sperm Count ◽

Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽

Cadmium Exposure ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Epididymal Sperm ◽

Sod Activity ◽

Dose Dependent ◽

Ppm Level

The present study was carried out to evaluate oxidative stress mediated pathophysiological alterations in brain cerebral cortex and testes of rats exposed to cadmium chloride at 15, 50 and 100 ppm in drinking water for 28 days. The activity of SOD in brain of rats of all toxicity groups was non- significantly decreased. The SOD activity in testes was significantly decreased in animals exposed to 50 and 100 ppm level of cadmium. The catalase activity in brain cerebral cortex and testes was significantly decreased in dose dependent manner. The GSH levels in brain and testes tissue were increased at all tested levels of exposure of cadmium. The acetylcholinesterase activity in brain of rats exposed all levels of Cd were significantly decreased. Cadmium exposure at 100 ppm level significantly reduced the total epididymal sperm count. However, the epididymal sperm motility was significantly reduced in rats exposed to all tested levels of cadmium. The different levels of cadmium exposure produced pathological lesions in brain cerebral cortex and testes which were remarkable at 100 ppm level of exposure as compared to other levels of exposure in rats. In conclusion, cadmium exposure at 100 ppm for 28 days in rats produced marked alterations in both brain and testes through oxidative insult.

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TUMOURS OF THE HYPOPHYSIS AND THE THYROID IN MICE

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0180445 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 445 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

O. Mühlbock

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Gland ◽

Radioactive Iodine ◽

Thyroid Tissue ◽

Prolonged Treatment ◽

Genetic Constitution ◽

Thiouracil Derivatives

SUMMARY Hypophyseal tumours in mice develop after prolonged treatment with oestrogens, after injection of radioactive iodine in doses which destroy the thyroid tissue and after prolonged treatment with thiouracil-derivatives. The tumours of the hypophysis only occur in certain strains of mice and hence the genetic constitution is of importance. The origin of this difference between strains has hitherto remained completely obscure. The hypophyseal tumours in mice seen following administration of oestrogens and those observed after destruction of the thyroid gland are morphologically similar. They consist of cells staining blue to varying degrees, and they may thus be termed amphophile tumours. The possible mechanism of development of the hypophyseal tumours has been discussed.

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Cissus Quadrangularis enhances UCP1 mRNA, indicative of white adipocyte browning and decreases central obesity in humans in a randomized trial

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-81606-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Saimai Chatree ◽

Chantacha Sitticharoon ◽

Pailin Maikaew ◽

Kitchaya Pongwattanapakin ◽

Issarawan Keadkraichaiwat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Treated Group ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Hip Circumference ◽

White Adipocyte ◽

Ppar Γ ◽

White Adipocytes ◽

Cissus Quadrangularis ◽

Baseline Values ◽

Dose Dependent ◽

Vehicle Treated Group

AbstractObesity is associated with the growth and expansion of adipocytes which could be decreased via several mechanisms. Cissus Quadrangularis (CQ) extract has been shown to reduce obesity in humans; however, its effect on human white adipocytes (hWA) has not been elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of CQ on obesity, lipolysis, and browning of hWA. CQ treatment in obese humans significantly decreased waist circumference at week 4 and week 8 when compared with the baseline values (p < 0.05 all) and significantly decreased hip circumference at week 8 when compared with the baseline and week 4 values (p < 0.05 all). Serum leptin levels of the CQ-treated group were significantly higher at week 8 compared to baseline levels (p < 0.05). In hWA, glycerol release was reduced in the CQ-treated group when compared with the vehicle-treated group. In the browning experiment, pioglitazone, the PPAR-γ agonist, increased UCP1 mRNA when compared to vehicle (p < 0.01). Interestingly, 10, 100, and 1000 ng/ml CQ extract treatment on hWA significantly enhanced UCP1 expression in a dose-dependent manner when compared to pioglitazone treatment (p < 0.001 all). In conclusion, CQ decreased waist and hip circumferences in obese humans and enhanced UCP1 mRNA in hWA suggestive of its action via browning of hWA.

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Hydroxyl Safflower Yellow Pigment A (HSYA) Improves Vascular Endothelial Injury Induced by Lipopolysaccharide In Vitro Study

Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering ◽

10.1166/jbt.2021.2596 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 1792-1798

Author(s):

Li Yan ◽

Ge Jingping ◽

Yin Yuanyuan ◽

Li Xiaomei ◽

Zhao Boxiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Proliferation ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Treated Group ◽

Yellow Pigment ◽

Endothelial Injury ◽

Vitro Study ◽

Vascular Endothelial ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Dose Dependent

Aim: This research was to investigate the effects and mechanisms of HSYA in vascular endothelial injury by vitro study. Methods: Dividing HUVECs as Normal Control (NC), Model (LPS treated) group, HSYA-L, HSYA-M and HSYA-H groups. Cells in the HSYA treatment groups were treated with LPS, followed by 40 mg/ml, 80 mg/ml, and 120 mg/ml HSYA intervention (HSYA-L, HSYA-M, and HSYA -H groups), respectively. Measuring the cell proliferation, apoptosis, relative proteins and mRNA (TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB(p65)) expressions by MTT, Flow cytometry, WB and RT-qPCR assay. Using cellular immunofluorescence to evaluate NF-κB(p65) nuclear volume of difference groups. Results: With HSYA supplement, the cell proliferation rates were significantly up-regulation with cell apoptosis significantly down-regulation with TLR4 relatived mRNA and proteins and NF-κB(p65) nuclear significantly depressed with dose-dependent (P <0.05, respectively). Conclusion: HSYA improved vascular endothelial injury induced by LPS via TLR4 pathway In Vitro.

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Epididymal sperm analysis following time and dose dependent administration of monosodium glutamate in preadolescent rats

Fertility and Sterility ◽

10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.07.1106 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 106 (3) ◽

pp. e288

Author(s):

D. Kianifard

Keyword(s):

Monosodium Glutamate ◽

Epididymal Sperm ◽

Sperm Analysis ◽

Dose Dependent

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Evaluation of a poly-herbal preparation for the treatment of peptic ulcer

Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology ◽

10.3329/bjp.v12i2.29980 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 11

Author(s):

Zaman Hayat ◽

Mueen Ahmad Chaudhry ◽

. Alamgeer

Keyword(s):

Peptic Ulcer ◽

Gastric Ulcer ◽

Treated Group ◽

Ulcer Formation ◽

Ulcer Index ◽

Herbal Formulation ◽

High K ◽

Ulcer Model ◽

Dose Dependent ◽

Gross Examination

<p class="Abstract">The aim of this study was to validate the traditional uses of ulcerene, a poly-herbal formulation in ethanol, aspirin and stress-induced gastric ulcer model of rat. The extent of gastric ulcer formation was studied, using ulcer score, ulcer index, percentage cure through gross examination and histopathological evaluation. A significant (p<0.001) dose-dependent anti-ulcerant effect was observed in ulcerene (50 and 100 mg/kg)-treated group with highest effectiveness against ethanol-induced ulcer. The concentration-dependent spasmolytic effect was seen in spontaneously contracting, high K<sup>+</sup> (80 mM) and carbachol (1 µM)-induced jejunum contractions (10, 0.3 and 1 mg/mL), similar to dicyclomine (10, 1 and 3 µM), indicated non-specific spasmolytic mechanism behind the effect. By considering these results, ulcerene can be suggested for the treatment of peptic ulcer.</p>

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