The Rao’s Brief Repeatable Battery and Stroop test: normative                 values with age, education and gender corrections in an Italian population

The Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests (BRB) is by far the most widely used instrument to estimate cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. However, the paucity of normative data currently limits its applicability. We administered the BRB to 200 healthy subjects to obtain normative values. Moreover, we assessed the influence of demographic factors on the test scores and calculated corrections for these relevant factors. To test executive functions not explored by the BRB, we also included the Stroop word-color task (ST). Higher educational level was associated with better performance on all the tests, except for the world list generation (WLG) and the ST, considering version A, and on Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) and Selective Reminding Test-Delayed (SRT-D), considering version B. Females performed better than males on the WLG considering version A, and on the SRT-Long Term Storage (SRT-LTS) and SRT-Consistent Long Term Retrieval (SRT-CLTR) considering version B. Increasing age was associated with worse performance on the ST in version A, and on the SRT-LTS, SRT-CLTR and WLG in version B. Our data can improve the applicability of the BRB for both clinical and research purposes.

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The Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests: normative values allow application in multiple sclerosis clinical practice

Multiple Sclerosis Journal ◽

10.1177/135245850100700409 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 263-267 ◽

Cited By ~ 170

Author(s):

J B Boringa ◽

R HC Lazeron ◽

I EW Reuling ◽

H J Adèr ◽

L EMA Pfennings ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Test Scores ◽

Neuropsychological Tests ◽

Word List ◽

Normative Values ◽

Gender And Education ◽

Selective Reminding ◽

Repeatable Battery ◽

Serial Addition ◽

Selective Reminding Test

The Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests (BRB-N) is a sensitive measure of cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. It consists of the Selective Reminding Test, the 10/36 Spatial Recall Test, the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test and the Word List Generation Test. We administered one of two parallel versions of the test battery to 140 healthy subjects to produce normative values for both versions. As expected, test scores were influenced by certain variables like age, gender and education. Although constructed as two equivalent versions, for some tests the two versions showed significant differences in test scores, which could not be explained by differences in these variables.

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The Rao’s Brief Repeatable Battery version B: normative values with age, education and gender corrections in an Italian population

Neurological Sciences ◽

10.1007/s10072-013-1558-7 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 79-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

B. Goretti ◽

F. Patti ◽

S. Cilia ◽

F. Mattioli ◽

C. Stampatori ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Normative Values ◽

Italian Population ◽

Repeatable Battery ◽

And Gender

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Associations of Regular Marijuana Use by Adolescent Boys With Verbal Memory and Perseveration

Psychological Reports ◽

10.1177/0033294121988992 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 003329412198899

Author(s):

Robert I. Block ◽

Gerry Jager ◽

Maartje Luijten ◽

Nick F. Ramsey

Keyword(s):

Verbal Memory ◽

Marijuana Use ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Card Sorting ◽

Term Memory ◽

Long Term Storage ◽

Perseverative Errors ◽

Selective Reminding Test

Many American and Dutch adolescents use marijuana regularly. There is concern that such use may impair cognitive function more in adolescents than adults. We examined effects of regular marijuana use on long-term memory and perseveration among American and Dutch adolescents. We administered Buschke's Selective Reminding Test (BSRT) to assess long-term memory and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) to assess perseveration in male teenagers. Usable test data were obtained for 12 American marijuana users, 13 American controls, 9 Dutch marijuana users, and 12 Dutch controls. In BSRT, users showed lower overall long-term storage than controls (adjusted means ± SE's for numbers of words per trial of 9.4 ± 0.2, 13.4 ± 0.3, 11.7 ± 0.2, and 12.4 ± 0.2 for American users, Dutch users, American controls, and Dutch controls, respectively). Marijuana was associated with memory effects only in American, not Dutch, users. Bivariate Pearson correlations for American and Dutch users combined showed associations of lower total recall with more uses in the previous year and lifetime (r = –0.61 and r = –0.53, respectively); and more perseverative errors with more uses in the previous year (r = 0.55). Some findings were consistent with the possibility that regular adolescent marijuana use causes deficits in cognition, especially memory. However, a causal interpretation cannot be inferred from our findings and is challenging to reconcile with the observation of memory deficits only in American users. Our study was novel in examining the influence of nationality on marijuana's cognitive effects. More studies of this topic should compare effects across nationalities or cultures.

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Memory Disorder in Persons with Asperger Syndrome

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71097-1 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 24 (S1) ◽

pp. 1-1

Author(s):

I. Milacic Vidojevic

Keyword(s):

Episodic Memory ◽

Asperger Syndrome ◽

Memory Disorder ◽

Immediate Recall ◽

Normal Limits ◽

Long Term Storage ◽

Stored Information ◽

Selective Reminding Test ◽

Age Range

Aim:Asperger syndrome (AS) is a term used to mark a subgroup of autism with no delay in language or cognitive development. Research reveal language and cognitive impairments in AS (uneven profile of abilities on Wechsler intelligence scales, pragmatic deficits, receptive speech, narrow attention and difficulty in shifting attention, etc). The objective of this study is to examine episodic memory of children with AS. 12 children with AS age from 7-16 years old, 11 males, 1 female participated in the study. All children had an IQ in the normal range.Method:Buschke Selective Reminding Test was used in the present study as a measure of episodic memory suitable for the age range of the children in the study.Results:scores gained by the children with AS comparing to the scores of the normally developing children indicate deviation on the measures of recall, long term storage, consistent long term retrieval and increased number of intrusions. Only 3 subjects scored within normal limits. Information produced on immediate recall was not lost over 30-minute delay.Conclusion:results shows dominant problem in organization of stored information.

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The Brief Repeatable Battery: psychometrics and normative values with age, education and gender corrections in a Serbian population

Neurological Sciences ◽

10.1007/s10072-012-1099-5 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 1369-1374 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

D. Obradovic ◽

M. Petrovic ◽

I. Antanasijevic ◽

J. Marinkovic ◽

T. Stojanovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Normative Values ◽

Repeatable Battery ◽

And Gender

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The brief repeatable battery of neuropsychological tests for multiple sclerosis: a preliminary serial study

Multiple Sclerosis Journal ◽

10.1177/135245859500100306 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 165-169 ◽

Cited By ~ 80

Author(s):

CT Bever ◽

L Grattan ◽

HS Panitch ◽

KP Johnson

Keyword(s):

Neuropsychological Tests ◽

Word List ◽

Practice Effect ◽

Rank Test ◽

Selective Reminding ◽

Signed Rank ◽

Signed Rank Test ◽

Repeatable Battery ◽

Serial Addition ◽

Cognitive Fluctuations

The Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests (BRB-N) for MS consisting of the selective reminding, 10136 spatial recall, symbol digit modalities, paced auditory serial addition (PASAT) and word list generation tests is a sensitive measure of early cognitive impairment in MS patients. We administered it to 19 chronic stable MS patients every 60 days for 120 days to examine variability. The mean coefficient of variation for the tests ranged from 18% to 22%. A significant practice effect was seen in the PASAT results (P<0.05) using the Wilcoxon signed rank test These results suggest that cognitive fluctuations analogous to motor fluctuations may occur in MS patients and that the BRB-N may be useful in clinical trials of agents expected to alter cognitive function in MS patients if test-retest variability and practice effects are taken into account Further study is warranted.

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Preparation And elemental analysis of ancient fibers

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100126846 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. 410-411

Author(s):

Allen Angel ◽

Kathryn A. Jakes

Keyword(s):

Cross Sections ◽

Physical Structure ◽

Energy Dispersive ◽

Archaeological Sites ◽

X Ray ◽

Long Term Storage ◽

Backscattered Electron ◽

Electron Imaging

Fabrics recovered from archaeological sites often are so badly degraded that fiber identification based on physical morphology is difficult. Although diagenetic changes may be viewed as destructive to factors necessary for the discernment of fiber information, changes occurring during any stage of a fiber's lifetime leave a record within the fiber's chemical and physical structure. These alterations may offer valuable clues to understanding the conditions of the fiber's growth, fiber preparation and fabric processing technology and conditions of burial or long term storage (1).Energy dispersive spectrometry has been reported to be suitable for determination of mordant treatment on historic fibers (2,3) and has been used to characterize metal wrapping of combination yarns (4,5). In this study, a technique is developed which provides fractured cross sections of fibers for x-ray analysis and elemental mapping. In addition, backscattered electron imaging (BSI) and energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis (EDS) are utilized to correlate elements to their distribution in fibers.

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Modelling of Moisture Movement in Wood during Outdoor Storage

Nonlinear Analysis Modelling and Control ◽

10.15388/na.2001.6.1.15210 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 3-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

R. Baronas ◽

F. Ivanauskas ◽

I. Juodeikienė ◽

A. Kajalavičius

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Finite Difference ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Moisture Movement ◽

Finite Difference Technique ◽

Long Term Storage ◽

Space Formulation ◽

Term Storage

A model of moisture movement in wood is presented in this paper in a two-dimensional-in-space formulation. The finite-difference technique has been used in order to obtain the solution of the problem. The model was applied to predict the moisture content in sawn boards from pine during long term storage under outdoor climatic conditions. The satisfactory agreement between the numerical solution and experimental data was obtained.

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