Flow cytometric analysis of T cell/monocyte ratio in clinically isolated syndrome identifies patients at risk of rapid disease progression

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Nemecek ◽  
Hilga Zimmermann ◽  
Johannes Rübenthaler ◽  
Vinzenz Fleischer ◽  
Magdalena Paterka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Clinically Isolated Syndrome ◽  
Imaging Findings ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Neurologic Diseases ◽  
Csf Cells

Background: Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory central nervous system disease diagnosed by clinical presentation and characteristic magnetic resonance imaging findings. The role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis has been emphasized in particular in the context of differential diagnosis in patients with a first episode suggestive of multiple sclerosis. Objective: We investigated here the potential additional value of analysis of CSF cellularity by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) in the setting of a routine diagnostic work-up in our inpatient clinic. Methods: CSF cells from back-up samples from patients with suspected chronic inflammatory central nervous system disorder were analyzed by FACS and correlated with clinical data, magnetic resonance imaging findings and oligoclonal band status. Results: We found distinct changes of T cell/monocyte (CD4/CD14) and B cell/monocyte (CD20/CD14) ratios between clinically isolated syndrome (CIS)/multiple sclerosis and other neurologic diseases or other inflammatory neurologic diseases. In particular, patients with a rapid transition from CIS to multiple sclerosis had an elevated CD4/CD14 ratio. A subgroup analysis showed diagnostic value of CD4/CD8 ratio in the differential diagnosis of CIS/multiple sclerosis to neurosarcoidosis. Conclusion: The diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of autoimmune neuroinflammatory diseases can be improved by FACS analysis of CSF cells.

HISTOPATHOLOGY OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS LESIONS DETECTED BY MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN UNFIXED POSTMORTEM CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TISSUE

Brain ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 1013-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. NEWCOMBE ◽  
C. P. HAWKINS ◽  
C. L. HENDERSON ◽  
H. A. PATEL ◽  
M. N. WOODROOFE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Central Nervous System Tissue

scholarly journals Balò’s concentric sclerosis in a case of cocaine-levamisole abuse

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 2050313X2094053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Grasso ◽  
Carmela Borreggine ◽  
Giulia Castorani ◽  
Doriana Vergara ◽  
Lucia Maria Cecilia Dimitri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cocaine Abuse ◽  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Radiological Findings ◽  
Baló’S Concentric Sclerosis

Baló’s concentric sclerosis is a rare variant of multiple sclerosis. It belongs to the group of primary inflammatory central nervous system demyelinating diseases having no clear etiology. Peculiar radiological findings on magnetic resonance imaging are alternating rings of demyelinated and myelinated axons resembling an “onion bulb.” We report on a case of a patient with cocaine abuse who presented with Balò’s-like acute multifocal leukoencephalopathy supported by histological and radiological findings. The abuse of cocaine and its most frequent adulterant, levamisole, may induce ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke and metabolic or multifocal inflammatory leukoencephalopathy. Only a few studies described levamisole-induced leukoencephalopathy mimicking Balò round lesions. Nevertheless, it has not yet been established the correlation between them; it might also be possible that the cocaine/levamisole addiction represents just a coincidence in some of those patients affected by Balò sclerosis disease.

Imaging of CNS Fungal Infections: Review Article

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 872-885
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
Imaging Findings ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Fungal infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are usually identified in immunocompromised patients but rare in immunocompetent hosts. The clinical and imaging manifestations are mainly influenced by types of fungal pathogen and immune status of the patients. The CNS fungal infections can develop through hematogenous dissemination from primary site of infection, cerebrospinal fluid seeding, or direct extension from adjacent sources of infection. Fungal infections can result in meningitis, meningoencephalitis, cerebritis, granuloma, or abscess formation, which imaging findings are often non-specific and difficult to distinguish from bacterial or tuberculous infection, non-infectious inflammatory disease, or even intracranial neoplasm. Vascular complications including vasculitis, cerebral infarction, or mycotic aneurysm are commonly present due to angioinvasion of fungal hyphae. In addition, some characteristic imaging features of fungal infections can be identified by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), such as intracavitary projections in fungal abscesses and gelatinous pseudocysts in cryptococcosis that could help suggest the diagnosis. Recognizing the imaging findings of common intracranial fungal infections combined with appropriate clinical setting is crucial for allowing early diagnosis and leading to early specific treatment. The present article reviewed common imaging findings of CNS fungal infections and distinct imaging features of specific pathogens. Keywords: Fungal infection, Brain abscess, Cryptococcosis, Central nervous system (CNS), Computed tomography (CT), Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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