scholarly journals The Return of Character: Parallels Between Late-Victorian and Twenty-First Century Discourses

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
First Century ◽  
Welfare To Work ◽  
Employment Services ◽  
21St Century Education ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Common Trend ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Historical Antecedents

There has been an increasingly common trend in the UK to identify character skills and traits as the basis for various individual successes and achievements. In education policy and employment services, character has been linked to the making of successful, morally aware, employable and socially mobile citizens. This article explores the late-19th-century use of character discourses, focusing on the economist Alfred Marshall. During this period character was associated with future-oriented subjects – those displaying provident and thrifty habits and dispositions – and held particular class, race, and gender prejudices. The article draws parallels between this late-Victorian approach to character and the ‘return’ of character in 21st-century education and welfare-to-work policy, in particular, where cultivating character is linked to improving employability and social mobility. We can make productive comparisons between character’s Victorian legacy and its re-emergence more recently amid increasingly moralised discourses around poverty, inequality, and unemployment. In doing so, we might better understand the historical antecedents to stigmatising character discourses today, insofar as they leave the burden of responsibility for particular social outcomes in life and the labour market with individuals and their ability to cultivate their own human capital.

Autochthonomous Transfigurations of Race and Gender in Twenty-First-Century Transnational Genocide Testimonial Narratives

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-106
Author(s):  
Myriam J. A. Chancy
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
First Century ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Modes Of Representation ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
And Gender

This chapter explores depictions and representations of the genocide of Rwanda in order to examine how “autochthonomy” and “lakou consciousness” make themselves manifest in global/transnational contexts. What each of the representations reveals is a partial exposure of a silence that appears to be symptomatic of trauma. The chapter relies on Pierre Bourdieu’s twin-concepts of the “unthinkable” and “unnameable” and how these concepts might be of further use in understanding the representation of the implicit “silence” of trauma. The chapter ultimately argues that artists who consciously emulate African Diasporic aesthetics in their representations of genocide also engage counter-hegemonic modes of representation that are explicitly and increasingly feminist regardless of the producer’s gender identity.

Dancing on the Edges of History, but Never Dancing Alone

2018 ◽  
pp. 85-97
Author(s):  
Barbara Ransby
Keyword(s):  
Graduate School ◽  
African Descent ◽  
Political Activism ◽  
Black Female ◽  
Institutional Racism ◽  
First Century ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
And Gender

In this chapter the author reflects on what it means to be a black female historian in the twenty-first century. She challenges those who argue that it should simply mean being a good scholar and that notions of race and gender are anachronisms. She draws from her personal experiences in graduate school and in the academy as well as those of many other female historians of African descent to reflect on the slow and erratic progress but also persistent, intractable prejudice augmented by decades of institutional racism. She also elaborates on the significance of political activism, parenting, and mentors to her work and her life.

37. Sentencing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Ashworth ◽  
Julian V. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Media Coverage ◽  
Sentencing Guidelines ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Political Criticism ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Sentencing represents the apex of the criminal process and is the most public stage of the criminal justice system. Controversial sentences attract widespread media coverage, intense public interest, and much public and political criticism. This chapter explores sentencing in the United Kingdom, and draws some conclusions with relevance to other common law jurisdictions. Sentencing has changed greatly in recent years, notably through the introduction of sentencing guidelines in England and Wales, and more recently, Scotland. However, there are still doubts about the fairness and consistency of sentencing practice, not least in the use of imprisonment. Among the key issues to be examined in this chapter are the tendency towards net-widening, the effects of race and gender, the impact of pleading guilty, the use of indeterminate sentences, the rise of mandatory sentences, and the role of the victim in the sentencing process. The chapter begins by outlining the methods by which cases come before the courts for sentencing. It then summarizes the specific sentences available to courts and examines current sentencing patterns, before turning to a more detailed exploration of sentencing guidelines, and of the key issues identified above. The chapter addresses two critical questions: What is sentencing (namely who exerts the power to punish)? Does sentencing in the UK measure up to appropriate standards of fairness and consistency?

scholarly journals Ethnic, Religious and Gender Differences in Intragenerational Economic Mobility in England and Wales

Sociology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 883-903
Author(s):  
Saffron Karlsen ◽  
James Yzet Nazroo ◽  
Neil R Smith
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Economic Mobility ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Black Caribbean ◽  
Muslim People ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Over Time

This study uses data from consecutive England and Wales censuses to examine the intragenerational economic mobility of individuals with different ethnicities, religions and genders between 1971 and 2011, over time and across cohorts. The findings suggest more downward and less upward mobility among Black Caribbean, Indian Sikh and Muslim people with Bangladeshi, Indian and Pakistani ethnicities, relative to white British groups, and more positive relative progress among Indian Hindu people, but also some variation in the experiences of social mobility between individuals even in the same ethnic groups. For some groups, those becoming adults or migrating to the UK since 1971 occupy an improved position compared with older or longer resident people, but this is not universal. Findings suggest that these persistent inequalities will only be effectively addressed with attention to the structural factors which disadvantage particular ethnic and religious groups, and the specific ways in which these affect women.

Policing Belonging

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alpa Parmar
Keyword(s):  
Migration Policy ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Police Custody ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Minority Ethnic Groups ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Minority Ethnic

This chapter considers the impact of the police’s increased involvement in migration control. How (and with what consequences) do criminalization, migration, race, and gender intersect when the police are asked to respond to migration and fears about migrants? Drawing on empirical research on police custody suites, the piece discusses how the policing of migration questions the presence of minority ethnic groups in the UK, the wider implications for those who cannot belong, and how procedures are racialized. It also highlights the widening reach of the police, whose work is increasingly carried out in conjunction with other actors including those who have been enlisted to surveil, report, and help enforce migration policy. The chapter brings to light the everyday forms of racism renewed through the policing of migrants while exploring how those who are deemed risky, not belonging, criminal, or a threat to social and economic resources are racialized.

Assessing a Welfare Program's Effects on Social Mobility in Brazil's “Golden Age”: The Intersectionality of Race, Gender, and Redistributive Social Programs in Two Brazilian Cities

2021 ◽  
pp. 003464462110367
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Kaknes
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
White Women ◽  
Social Programs ◽  
Welfare Programs ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Bolsa Familia ◽  
Original Field ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Afro Brazilian

How do welfare programs affect beneficiaries' perceptions of social mobility? This paper uses the case of Brazil's Bolsa Família Program to assess whether, how, and to what degree the welfare program affects beneficiaries' views of their potential social mobility. It makes a key contribution to the understanding of social mobility by incorporating the role that race and gender play in beneficiary respondent's evaluation of social mobility. Use of an original field survey undergirds the finding that, in contrast to conventional understandings of Brazilian racial and social dynamics, beneficiary status operates differently for Afro-Brazilian and White beneficiaries, as well as for male and female beneficiaries. Specifically, that the program has significant empowerment effects for White women beneficiaries, but that it does not affect the evaluations of Afro-Brazilian women.

¿Soy Emo, Y Qué? Sad Kids, Punkera Dykes and the Latin@ Public Sphere

2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 895-918
Author(s):  
MARISSA LÓPEZ
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Short Fiction ◽  
Youth Culture ◽  
First Century ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
And Gender

In March and April of 2008, emo youth in Mexican and Latin American metropoles were vulnerable to violent, physical attacks, which the world witnessed, aghast, via YouTube. Journalists, pundits, and cultural commentators around the globe wondered, first, how to define “emo”; second, how to explain its presence in Mexico and Latin America; and third, whence such a violent reaction? This essay tackles those questions, and tries to think through emo to something more than the post-NAFTA angst to which it has been commonly ascribed in the US and Mexican media. Tracing a route from US Chicano punk and new wave, to Mexico's self-proclaimed emo youth, to Myriam Gurba's short fiction featuring southern California's Chicana dyke-punk communities, I ask how emo travels, and how these highly self-conscious and very public performances of affect speak to the intersections of race and gender in twenty-first-century Latin@ and Latin American youth culture.

Fertility and childbearing practices among poor Gypsy women in Hungary: the intersections of class, race and gender

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judit Durst
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
The Past ◽  
Low Birth Weight Babies ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Roma Women ◽  
The Village

This article explores changes in childbearing practices among Gypsy (Roma) women in a small village in Northern Hungary. The author benefited from several years of ethnographic field research and data collected in this village, where the proportion of the out-of-wedlock births and births to teenage—mostly Gypsy—mothers have increased by a factor of three in the past 10 years as the population of the village has become more and more impoverished and the opportunities for geographic or social mobility declined sharply for the ethnic minority. The author argues that bearing children early is a sign of passage to adulthood in this group of women, a function which had been assigned to other social institutions before 1989. Early childbearing at the same time exacerbates the problem of Gypsy women: this is the first study which documents the consequences of poverty on women's and children's health by showing an increase in low birth weight babies in the community since 1989.

Lana and Lilly Wachowski

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cáel M. Keegan
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Production ◽  
Film Studies ◽  
First Century ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Queer Cinema ◽  
Trans Studies ◽  
Feminist Film ◽  
Politics Of Race ◽  
And Gender

This book analyzes the filmmaking careers of Lana and Lilly Wachowski as the world’s most influential transgender media producers. Situated at the intersection of trans* studies and black feminist film studies, it argues that the Wachowskis’ cinema has been co-constitutive with the historical appearance of transgender, tracing how their work invents a trans* aesthetics of sensation that has disrupted conventional schemas of race, gender, space, and time. Offering new readings of the Wachowskis’ films and television, it illustrates the previously unsensed presence of transgender in the subtext of queer cinema, in the design of digital video, and in the emergence of a twenty-first-century global cinematic imaginary. It is in the Wachowskis’ art, the author argues, that transgender cultural production most centrally confronts cinema’s construction of reality, and in which white, Western transgender subjectivity most directly impacts global visual culture. Thus, the Wachowskis’ cinema is an inescapable archive for sensing the politics of race and gender in the present moment.

Unequal and gendered: Notes on the coloniality of citizenship

2015 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Boatcă ◽  
Julia Roth
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
First Century ◽  
Social Origin ◽  
The West ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Cultural Rights ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
And Gender

An entire Occidentalist tradition of citizenship theory viewed citizenship as a modern, progressive institution that helped overcome particularities of unequal social origin. Contrary to the claims of this (mainly male) Western scholarly tradition, the article argues, first, that the institution of citizenship has developed in the West through the legal (and physical) exclusion of non-European, non-White and non-Western populations from civic, political, social and cultural rights; these exclusions, and thus citizenship as such, have historically been (en)gendered. Second, the article maintains that citizenship and gender are the most decisive factors accounting for extreme inequalities between individuals in rich and poor countries in the twenty-first century. Forms of racialization, sexualization and precarization to which the acquisition of citizenship and the corresponding gain in social mobility are linked today are illustrated with examples of practices to subvert citizenship law through marriage or childbirth in countries relying primarily on jus sanguinis and jus soli, respectively.

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