scholarly journals Exploring fluctuations in the relationship between learners’ positive emotional engagement and their interactional behaviours

2021 ◽  
pp. 136216882110442
Author(s):  
Phung Dao ◽  
Masatoshi Sato
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Experience Sampling Method ◽  
Emotional Engagement ◽  
Minute Interval ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigated the nature of learners’ positive emotional engagement during a task-based interaction and its relationship with their interactional behaviours. Vietnamese learners of English as a foreign language (EFL; n = 74) performed a communicative task in dyads in 15 minutes. Their positive emotional engagement was gauged using an Experience Sampling Method via a questionnaire that the participants completed after every five-minute interval of the interaction, capturing three timepoints of learners’ emotional engagement. Learners’ cognitive and social interactional behaviours were examined in light of the amount of second language production (words and turns), language-related episodes (LREs), and the degree of collaboration. Results showed that learners’ positive emotional engagement fluctuated over the course of a 15-minute interaction. Also, learners’ levels of positive emotional engagement were positively correlated with the amount of second language production and the degree of collaboration, but these relationships varied across the three intervals. No relationship was observed between learners’ emotional engagement and LREs. The results indicate that although learners’ positive emotional engagement may not be linked with their attention to form, relationships exist between learners’ positive emotional engagement and their language production, as well as their social relationships. These relationships can be, however, subject to change over the course of a short interaction.

scholarly journals The Association of Motivation with Mind Wandering in Trait and State Levels

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshikazu Kawagoe ◽  
Keiichi Onoda ◽  
Shuhei Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Experience Sampling Method ◽  
State Level ◽  
Mind Wandering ◽  
The State ◽  
Response Task ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
State Motivation

Mind wandering is a phenomenon in which attention drifts away from a given task towards task-unrelated thoughts. Recent studies have demonstrated that mind wandering occurs during tasks in which participants are demotivated. However, motivation ranges on a continuum from trait to state. We examined the association between trait/state motivation and trait/state mind wandering. We used common questionnaires and an experience sampling method through a sustained attention response task for measuring those indices. Through correlation analyses, we demonstrated an association between motivation and mind wandering within the same dimension (trait and state, respectively) but found no association across dimensions. Our results indicate that motivation in personality affects the occurrence of daily mind wandering, but not state mind wandering, which is affected by state motivation. Although the relationship between motivation and mind wandering is substantial, mind wandering at the state-level might be a more phasic phenomenon than expected, driven by a range of factors such as state motivation.

scholarly journals COVID-19–Related Disruptions and Increased mHealth Emergency Use Intention: Experience Sampling Method Study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenduo Zhang ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Junwei Zheng ◽  
Huan Xiao ◽  
Zhigang Li
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Focus ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Experience Sampling Method ◽  
Cognitive Activation ◽  
Activation Theory ◽  
Focus Effect ◽  
Indirect Relationship ◽  
The Relationship

BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has become a global public health event, which has raised concerns regarding individuals’ health. Individuals need to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic with guidelines on symptom recognition, home isolation, and maintain mental health. Besides routine use of mobile health (mHealth) such as accessing information to keep healthy, individuals can use mHealth services in situations requiring urgent medical care, which is defined as mHealth emergency use. It is not known whether individuals have increased their daily mHealth services emergency use as a result of disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this diary analysis study is to assess the influences of daily disruptions related to the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals’ mHealth emergency use. The secondary purpose of this study is to explore the mediating role of COVID-19–induced strain and the moderating role of promotion regulatory focus in the relationship between daily disruptions of COVID-19 and mHealth emergency use. Drawing from the cognitive activation theory of stress, we investigated the underlying mechanism and boundary condition of the influence of COVID-19–related disruptions on daily mHealth emergency use. METHODS To test the proposed model, this study adopts the experience sampling method to collect daily data. The experience sampling method helps researchers to capture participants’ fluctuations in emotions, mental engagement in an activity, and experienced stress. This study collected 550 cases nested in 110 samples in mainland China to test the conceptual model. In addition, we employed hierarchical linear modeling analysis to test the effect of COVID-19–related disruptions on mHealth emergency use. RESULTS We found that COVID-19–related disruptions increased COVID-19–induced strain (γ=0.24, <i>P</i>&lt;.001) and mHealth emergency use on a daily basis (γ=0.28, <i>P</i>&lt;.001). COVID-19–induced daily strain mediated this relationship (effect=0.09, 95% CI 0.05-0.14). Promotion regulatory focus moderated the relationship between COVID-19–induced strain and mHealth emergency use (γ=0.35, <i>P</i>=.02). In addition, the indirect relationship between disruptions and mHealth emergency use intentions through COVID-19–induced strain is contingent upon promotion regulatory focus: this relationship was stronger in those with high promotion regulatory focus (effect=0.12, 95% CI 0.06-0.19) than in those with low promotion regulatory focus (effect=0.06, 95% CI 0.02-0.11). CONCLUSIONS Event disruption of the COVID-19 pandemic induced mHealth emergency use intention through increased psychological strain. Furthermore, individuals’ promotion regulatory focus amplified this indirect relationship. Our findings extend our understanding of the factors underlying mHealth emergency use intention and illustrate the potential contingent role of promotion regulatory focus in the cognitive activation theory of stress. This study also opens avenues for future research on mHealth emergency use intention in other countries and cultural settings.

scholarly journals Reviewing the potential of the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) for capturing second language exposure and use

2021 ◽  
pp. 026765832110200
Author(s):  
Henriette L Arndt ◽  
Jonas Granfeldt ◽  
Marianne Gullberg
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Study Abroad ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Experience Sampling Method ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Language Exposure

Frequent language exposure and use are among the most important conditions for successful language learning, whether in classrooms, during study abroad, or in other informal contexts. Research probing exposure and usage often relies on one-off self-report questionnaires in which participants estimate their typical level of language exposure over extended periods of time, often long after it occurred. This may negatively affect the validity of the resulting data. This article instead explores the potential of methods used in medical and psychological research, variably known as the Experience Sampling Method (ESM), Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA), or diary methods. These methods are often combined with electronic and mobile survey applications to elicit self-report assessments at frequent, sometimes randomized intervals. We consider the possibilities of these methods for strengthening research into language exposure and use, second language acquisition more broadly, and study abroad research specifically. The methods have the potential to drastically reduce biases associated with summative recall. Additionally, they enable researchers to collect richer data about how individuals engage with language differently over time, and the contexts in which they do so, thus ultimately contributing to our understanding of individual differences in language acquisition.

scholarly journals COVID-19–Related Disruptions and Increased mHealth Emergency Use Intention: Experience Sampling Method Study

10.2196/20642 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. e20642
Author(s):  
Zhenduo Zhang ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Junwei Zheng ◽  
Huan Xiao ◽  
Zhigang Li
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Focus ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Experience Sampling Method ◽  
Cognitive Activation ◽  
Activation Theory ◽  
Focus Effect ◽  
Indirect Relationship ◽  
The Relationship

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has become a global public health event, which has raised concerns regarding individuals’ health. Individuals need to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic with guidelines on symptom recognition, home isolation, and maintain mental health. Besides routine use of mobile health (mHealth) such as accessing information to keep healthy, individuals can use mHealth services in situations requiring urgent medical care, which is defined as mHealth emergency use. It is not known whether individuals have increased their daily mHealth services emergency use as a result of disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective The purpose of this diary analysis study is to assess the influences of daily disruptions related to the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals’ mHealth emergency use. The secondary purpose of this study is to explore the mediating role of COVID-19–induced strain and the moderating role of promotion regulatory focus in the relationship between daily disruptions of COVID-19 and mHealth emergency use. Drawing from the cognitive activation theory of stress, we investigated the underlying mechanism and boundary condition of the influence of COVID-19–related disruptions on daily mHealth emergency use. Methods To test the proposed model, this study adopts the experience sampling method to collect daily data. The experience sampling method helps researchers to capture participants’ fluctuations in emotions, mental engagement in an activity, and experienced stress. This study collected 550 cases nested in 110 samples in mainland China to test the conceptual model. In addition, we employed hierarchical linear modeling analysis to test the effect of COVID-19–related disruptions on mHealth emergency use. Results We found that COVID-19–related disruptions increased COVID-19–induced strain (γ=0.24, P<.001) and mHealth emergency use on a daily basis (γ=0.28, P<.001). COVID-19–induced daily strain mediated this relationship (effect=0.09, 95% CI 0.05-0.14). Promotion regulatory focus moderated the relationship between COVID-19–induced strain and mHealth emergency use (γ=0.35, P=.02). In addition, the indirect relationship between disruptions and mHealth emergency use intentions through COVID-19–induced strain is contingent upon promotion regulatory focus: this relationship was stronger in those with high promotion regulatory focus (effect=0.12, 95% CI 0.06-0.19) than in those with low promotion regulatory focus (effect=0.06, 95% CI 0.02-0.11). Conclusions Event disruption of the COVID-19 pandemic induced mHealth emergency use intention through increased psychological strain. Furthermore, individuals’ promotion regulatory focus amplified this indirect relationship. Our findings extend our understanding of the factors underlying mHealth emergency use intention and illustrate the potential contingent role of promotion regulatory focus in the cognitive activation theory of stress. This study also opens avenues for future research on mHealth emergency use intention in other countries and cultural settings.

Language mindsets, perceived instrumentality, engagement and graded performance in English as a foreign language students

2020 ◽  
pp. 136216882095840
Author(s):  
Altay Eren ◽  
Anıl Rakıcıoğlu-Söylemez
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Emotional Engagement ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Language Aptitude ◽  
Efl Students ◽  
Perceived Instrumentality ◽  
The Relationship

This study aimed to examine the relationships between English as a foreign language (EFL) students’ language mindsets (i.e. entity and incremental beliefs about general language intelligence, second language aptitude, and age sensitivity in language learning) and graded performance by considering the mediating roles of their perceived instrumentality as well as four aspects of engagement (i.e. agentic engagement, behavioral engagement, emotional engagement, and cognitive engagement) within English classes. A total of 526 EFL students voluntarily participated in the present study. A latent factor correlation analysis, a series of multiple regression analyses, and a structural equation modeling analysis were conducted to analyse the data. The results showed that EFL students’ language mindsets, four aspects of engagement, perceived instrumentality, and graded performance were significantly and selectively related to each other. The results also demonstrated that the relationship between incremental beliefs about second language aptitude and graded performance was fully mediated by perceived instrumentality, that the relationship between incremental beliefs about general language intelligence and graded performance was fully mediated by agentic engagement, and that the relationship between perceived instrumentality and graded performance was partially mediated by agentic engagement. Theoretical and practical implications for EFL learning, teaching, and educational policymaking processes are also discussed in the study.

Emotional Variability Predicts Tiredness in Daily Life

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aire Mill ◽  
Anu Realo ◽  
Jüri Allik
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Experience Sampling Method ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Intraindividual Variability ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Over Time

Abstract. Intraindividual variability, along with the more frequently studied between-person variability, has been argued to be one of the basic building blocks of emotional experience. The aim of the current study is to examine whether intraindividual variability in affect predicts tiredness in daily life. Intraindividual variability in affect was studied with the experience sampling method in a group of 110 participants (aged between 19 and 84 years) during 14 consecutive days on seven randomly determined occasions per day. The results suggest that affect variability is a stable construct over time and situations. Our findings also demonstrate that intraindividual variability in affect has a unique role in predicting increased levels of tiredness at the momentary level as well at the level of individuals.

Monitoring Daily Life Using Mobile Phones: The Experience Sampling Method

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Preziosa ◽  
Marta Bassi ◽  
Daniela Villani ◽  
Andrea Gaggioli ◽  
Giuseppe Riva
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Experience Sampling Method
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