Return to work after first incidence of long-term sickness absence: A 10-year prospective follow-up study identifying labour-market trajectories using sequence analysis

Aims: The study aim was to identify prototypical labour-market trajectories following a first incidence of long-term sickness absence (LTSA), and to assess whether baseline socio-demographic characteristics are associated with the return-to-work (RTW) process and labour-market attachment (LMA). Methods: This prospective study used Norwegian administrative registers with quarterly information on labour-market participation to follow all individuals born 1952–1978 who underwent a first LTSA during the first quarter of 2004 ( n =9607) over a 10-year period (2004–2013). Sequence analysis was used to identify prototypical labour-market trajectories and LMA; trajectory membership was examined with multinomial logistic regression. Results: Sequence analysis identified nine labour-market trajectories illustrating the complex RTW process, with multiple states and transitions. Among this sample, 68.2% had a successful return to full-time work, while the remaining trajectories consisted of part-time work, unemployment, recurrence of LTSA, rehabilitation and disability pension (DP). A higher odds ratio (OR) for membership to trajectories of weaker LMA was found for females and older participants, while being married/cohabitating, having children, working in the public sector, and having a higher education, income and occupational class were associated with a lower OR of recurrence, unemployment, rehabilitation and DP trajectories. These results are consistent with three LMA indicators. Conclusions: Sequence analysis revealed prototypical labour-market trajectories and provided a holistic overview of the heterogeneous RTW processes. While the most frequent outcome was successful RTW, several unfavourable labour-market trajectories were identified, with trajectory membership predicted by socio-demographic measures.

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Sequence analysis of sickness absence and disability pension in the year before and the three years following a bicycle crash; a nationwide longitudinal cohort study of 6353 injured individuals

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-020-09788-x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Linnea Kjeldgård ◽

Helena Stigson ◽

Kristina Alexanderson ◽

Emilie Friberg

Keyword(s):

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Sequence Analysis ◽

Sickness Absence ◽

Disability Pension ◽

Brain Injuries ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Road User ◽

Full Time

Abstract Background Bicyclists are the road user group with the highest number of severe injuries in the EU, yet little is known about sickness absence (SA) and disability pension (DP) following such injuries. Aims To explore long-term patterns of SA and DP among injured bicyclists, and to identify characteristics associated with the specific patterns. Methods A longitudinal register-based study was conducted, including all 6353 individuals aged 18–59 years and living in Sweden in 2009, who in 2010 had incident in-patient or specialized out-patient healthcare after a bicycle crash. Information about sociodemographic factors, the injury, SA (SA spells > 14 days), and DP was obtained from nationwide registers. Weekly SA/DP states over 1 year before through 3 years after the crash date were used in sequence and cluster analyses. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for factors associated with each identified sequence cluster. Results Seven clusters were identified: “No SA or DP” (58.2% of the cohort), “Low SA or DP” (7.4%), “Immediate SA” (20.3%), “Episodic SA” (5.9%), “Long-term SA” (1.7%), “Ongoing part-time DP” (1.7%), and “Ongoing full-time DP” (4.8%). Compared to the cluster “No SA or DP”, all other clusters had higher ORs for women, and higher age. All clusters but “Low SA and DP” had higher ORs for inpatient healthcare. The cluster “Immediate SA” had a higher OR for: fractures (OR 4.3; CI 3.5–5.2), dislocation (2.8; 2.0–3.9), sprains and strains (2.0; 1.5–2.7), and internal injuries (3.0; 1.3–6.7) compared with external injuries. The cluster “Episodic SA” had higher ORs for: traumatic brain injury, not concussion (4.2; 1.1–16.1), spine and back (4.5; 2.2–9.5), torso (2.5; 1.4–4.3), upper extremities (2.9; 1.9–4.5), and lower extremities (3.5; 2.2–5.5) compared with injuries to the head, face, and neck (not traumatic brain injuries). The cluster “Long-term SA” had higher ORs for collisions with motor vehicles (1.9;1.1–3.2) and traumatic brain injury, not concussion (18.4;2.2–155.2). Conclusion Sequence analysis enabled exploration of the large heterogeneity of SA and DP following a bicycle crash. More knowledge is needed on how to prevent bicycle crashes and especially those crashes/injuries leading to long-term consequences.

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Dualisation or normalisation of part-time work in the Nordic countries: work insecurity and mobility over time

Dualisation of Part-Time Work ◽

10.1332/policypress/9781447348603.003.0009 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 217-242

Author(s):

Jouko Nätti ◽

Kristine Nergaard

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

High Stability ◽

Labour Markets ◽

Full Time ◽

Time Work ◽

Part Time ◽

Service Sectors ◽

Work Insecurity ◽

Part Time Work ◽

Over Time

In this chapter we discuss the development of part-time work in Finland and Norway and ask if there is a trend towards more marginalised part-time work also in the well-regulated Nordic labour markets. Furthermore, we investigate if there are differences between Norway, with its long tradition for normalised part-time jobs among women, and Finland, where full-time work has been the normal choice for women. Part-time jobs are more common among young persons, women, and in the service sectors. In both countries, part-time jobs are more insecure than full-time jobs. However, there is no strong tendency towards more insecure part-time jobs over time. We also examine mobility from part-time jobs to other positions in the labour market. In both countries, part-time work is characterised by high stability. Hence, the results do not give support for increased polarisation in terms of increased work insecurity among part-time employees. in terms of increased work insecurity among part-time employees.

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Stepping in, stepping out or staying put? Part-time work and immigrant integration in Norway

Dualisation of Part-Time Work ◽

10.1332/policypress/9781447348603.003.0007 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 159-186 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hanne Cecilie Kavli ◽

Roy A. Nielsen

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Working Hours ◽

Immigrant Integration ◽

Full Time ◽

Strong Focus ◽

Time Work ◽

Risk Event ◽

Part Time ◽

Stable Part ◽

Part Time Work

Migrants are often at a disadvantage in the labour market. Increased migration has therefore led to a strong focus in receiving countries on policy that can facilitate employment. Less attention is paid to working hours, contracts or type of work. The workplace is viewed as an arena where immigrants can improve language skills and establish contacts through which they can achieve upwards mobility in the labour market. We investigate transfers out of part-time work among immigrants and natives in Norway. By means of competing risk event history analyses, we compare transitions from part-time work to either full-time positions or exits from the labour market over five years among Norwegians and different groups of immigrants. Stable part-time is less common among immigrants than among natives, as immigrants have higher transfers to both full-time work and unemployment. Immigrants - men and women - have the same or higher likelihood of transitioning from part-time to full-time compared to natives. This suggest that immigrants are more often involuntarily in part-time and that they benefit from the opportunity to demonstrate their skills to employers. However, immigrants also have higher exit risk and this risk increases with short working hours, indicating a higher level of precariousness.

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Temporary part-time employment and future wages of male employees – a panel data analysis of the German labour market

Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.4314 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 65 (10) ◽

pp. 7-23

Author(s):

Piotr Matuszak

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽

Panel Data Analysis ◽

Full Time ◽

Job Experience ◽

Time Work ◽

Part Time ◽

One Year ◽

Full Time Employment

The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between temporary part-time employment and the wages male employees receive in subsequent full-time employment within the first five and the first ten years from the date of starting their full-time employment. The study uses data from the German labour market, obtained from the Socio-Economic Panel for the years 1984–2014. The fixed effects estimator, which solves the unobserved heterogeneity issue by removing time-invariant individual effects by a ‘within’ transformation, was applied in the empirical analysis. The results indicate that having experience as a part-time worker is associated with lower future wages – a one-year increase in the number of years in part-time work in the last two to five years leads to a reduction in future wages in a full-time job by 4.4% on average, compared to having solely a full-time job experience. However, this relationship becomes statistically insignificant after five years of being employed full-time. The results are robust to different specifications and it is indicated that an inverse relationship between working below regular hours and future wages in full-time employment is related to working parttime in low- and medium-skilled occupations. At the same time, working part-time is less detrimental to future wages than periods of unemployment.

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Labour Markets and Wages in Australia: 2010

Journal of Industrial Relations ◽

10.1177/0022185611402000 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 303-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Therese Jefferson ◽

Alison Preston

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Time Frame ◽

Labour Markets ◽

Full Time ◽

Time Work ◽

Part Time ◽

Using Data ◽

Labour Market Activity ◽

Full Time Employment ◽

Part Time Work

In this article we present data on earnings and hours in 2010 and, using data over a longer time frame, show how the character of the Australian labour market has significantly changed in recent decades. Among other things, we demonstrate a continued shift towards part-time work and, across full-time and part-time labour markets, a change in the distribution of jobs towards more highly skilled occupations. We continue to argue that traditional indicators of labour-market activity, such as headline unemployment and earnings in full-time employment, are only able to partially explain the health of the labour market. There is an urgent need to better understand other dimensions such as underemployment, part-time employment and part-time earnings.

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Transitions from part-time unemployment: Is part-time work a dead end or a stepping stone to the labour market?

Economic and Industrial Democracy ◽

10.1177/0143831x10387836 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 569-589 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Jonas Månsson ◽

Jan Ottosson

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Temporary Employment ◽

Individual Characteristics ◽

Full Time ◽

Stepping Stone ◽

Work Related ◽

Dead End ◽

Time Work ◽

Part Time ◽

Part Time Work

This article analyses the effects of individual characteristics on the probability of leaving part-time unemployment. The results show that it cannot be unreservedly asserted that part-time work offers access to the core labour market. Among the part-time unemployed, there are great variations in the degree to which they are likely to leave part-time unemployment. A concentration of labour market policy activities on the part-time unemployed who are least likely to succeed in finding full-time employment can, therefore, be expected to have positive consequences from both equity and efficiency points of view. In this respect, part-time unemployed women, persons with work-related disabilities and persons with temporary employment come to the forefront. The article shows that the likelihood of finding a full-time job is certainly not great for persons belonging to these groups. For many of them, part-time job is not a stepping stone but rather a dead end on the labour market.

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Work-unit social capital and long-term sickness absence: a prospective cohort study of 32 053 hospital employees

Occupational and Environmental Medicine ◽

10.1136/oemed-2017-104954 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 75 (9) ◽

pp. 623-629 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Eszter Török ◽

Alice Jessie Clark ◽

Johan Høy Jensen ◽

Theis Lange ◽

Jens Peter Bonde ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

Sickness Absence ◽

Work Unit ◽

Individual Level ◽

Hospital Employees ◽

Time Work ◽

Part Time ◽

Work Units ◽

Part Time Work

ObjectiveThere is a lack of studies investigating social capital at the workplace level in small and relatively homogeneous work-units. The aim of the study was to investigate whether work-unit social capital predicts a lower risk of individual long-term sickness absence among Danish hospital employees followed prospectively for 1 year.MethodsThis study is based on the Well-being in HospitAL Employees cohort. The study sample consisted of 32 053 individuals nested within 2182 work-units in the Capital Region of Denmark. Work-unit social capital was measured with an eight-item scale covering elements of trust, justice and collaboration between employees and leaders. Social capital at the work-unit level was computed as the aggregated mean of individual-level social capital within each work-unit. Data on long-term sickness absence were retrieved from the employers’ payroll system and were operationalised as ≥29 consecutive days of sickness absence. We used a 12-point difference in social capital as the metric in our analyses and conducted two-level hierarchical logistic regression analysis. Adjustments were made for sex, age, seniority, occupational group and part-time work at the individual level, and work-unit size, the proportion of female employees and the proportion of part-time work at the work-unit level.ResultsThe OR for long-term sickness absence associated with a 12-point higher work-unit social capital was 0.73 (95% CI 0.68 to 0.78). Further, we found an association between higher work-unit social capital and lower long-term sickness absence across quartiles of social capital: compared with the lowest quartile, the OR for long-term sickness absence in the highest quartile was 0.51 (95% CI 0.44 to 0.60).ConclusionOur study provides support for work-unit social capital being a protective factor for individual long-term sickness absence among hospital employees in the Capital Region of Denmark.

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Part-Time Wage-Gap in Germany: Evidence across the Wage Distribution

Journal of Income Distribution ◽

10.25071/1874-6322.40321 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 124-147

Author(s):

Piret Tõnurist ◽

Dimitris Pavlopoulos

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Wage Gap ◽

Decomposition Analysis ◽

Wage Distribution ◽

Full Time ◽

Wage Penalty ◽

Time Work ◽

Part Time ◽

The Difference ◽

Part Time Work

This article uses insights from labour-market segmentation theory in order to investigate the wage differences between part-time and full-time workers in Germany at different parts of the wage distribution. This is accomplished with the use of a quintile regression and panel data from the German Socio Economic Panel (1991-2012). To obtain insights on the part-time wage differentials, we apply a counterfactual wage decomposition analysis. The results indicate the presence of a part-time wage penalty for involuntary part-time work at the low and middle parts of the wage distribution. In contrast, a wage premium for voluntary part-time work emerges, especially at the top of the distribution. Moreover, at the lower end of the wage distribution, part-time workers receive lower returns for their labour market characteristics, indicating the segmentation of the labour market. In contrast, the difference in the characteristics of part-timers and full-timers fully explains the part-time wage gap at the top of the wage distribution.

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Financial Factors and Labour Market Transitions of Older Workers in Canada

International Journal of Population Research ◽

10.1155/2012/458723 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Xuyang Chen ◽

Maxime Fougère ◽

Bruno Rainville

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Older Workers ◽

Transition Process ◽

Full Time ◽

Financial Factors ◽

Consumer Finances ◽

Time Work ◽

Labour Market Transitions ◽

Part Time ◽

Market Transitions

This paper looks at the influence of financial factors on the labour market transitions of Canadian older workers. Also, in contrast to previous studies, the analysis focuses on transitions between full-time work, part-time work, and retirement. Sequential annual observations of employment and retirement choices are examined for samples of full-time and part-time workers, drawn from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID), 2001–2006. Measures of potential pension wealth and one-year and peak pension accruals are imputed using data from the Survey of Consumer Finances, 1973–1997, and the SLID, 1997–2006. Regression results indicate that financial factors influence workers to move from full-time to part-time jobs and support the evidence found in previous studies that retirement is usually a process, not a single event. Also, an increase in pension accruals increases the probability of working full-time for lower-income earners only. Among nonfinancial factors, a negative health shock increases the probability of working part-time or retiring for full-time workers but has little effect on the labour market transitions of part-time workers. Finally, these results suggest that policies to encourage phased retirement are unlikely to have a significant labour market effect since bridge employment is already a common transition process among older workers.

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How is the way we spend our time related to psychological wellbeing? A cross-sectional analysis of time-use patterns in the general population and their associations with wellbeing and life satisfaction

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11712-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Samuel Tomczyk ◽

Laura Altweck ◽

Silke Schmidt

Keyword(s):

Life Satisfaction ◽

Time Use ◽

Latent Profile Analysis ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Daily Activities ◽

Full Time ◽

Time Work ◽

Part Time ◽

Part Time Work

Abstract Background Time-use surveys can closely monitor daily activities, times of stress and relaxation, and examine predictors and trajectories with regard to health. However, previous studies have often neglected the complex interaction of daily activities when looking at health outcomes. Methods Using latent profile analysis, this study examined patterns of self-reported daily time use (0–12h hours) for nine types of behaviour (work, errands, housework, childcare, care of persons in need, education, repairs and gardening, physical activity, and hobbies/leisure-time activities) in the 2018 wave of the German Socio-Economic Panel (N = 30,152; 51.9% female; M = 46.87 years). Sociodemographic variables, affective wellbeing, general and domain-specific life satisfaction, and self-rated health were inspected as predictors via multinomial logistic regression models. Results Six latent profiles emerged: full-time work (47.2%), leisure (33.8%), childcare (8.9%), education (7.0%), part-time work & care (2.6%), and care (0.5%). Overall, the care and part-time work & care profiles showed the lowest wellbeing scores, lower subjective health, and life satisfaction. Women were more likely to be members of the care and childcare profiles. Men were more likely to belong to the full-time work profile, and they reported significantly higher wellbeing than women. Conclusions The analysis revealed distinct patterns of time use and a burden on women, given their investment in care and childcare. Part-time work, and care seemed particularly demanding, and thus, are important areas for prevention, for instance, regarding mental health problems. However, time use was assessed via self-reports, therefore future studies could implement objective measures like digital trackers to validate findings.

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