A népesség munkaeőpiaci aktivitásának jellemzői

A tanulmány a szak- és felnőttképzésben dolgozó szakemberek számára – elsősorban az oktatás és szakképzés társadalmi hasznossága/hasznosulása iránt érdeklődőknek – kívánja bemutatni a problémakör egyik vetületét: az iskolai/szakmai végzettség és a munkaerőpiaci eredményesség összefüggéseit. A vizsgálat célcsoportja a 15–64 éves, munkavállalási korú népesség, tekintettel arra, hogy a teljes foglalkoztatás társadalmi célja közvetlenül erre a korosztályra tűzhető ki. A vizsgálat időszaka a 2001 és 2019 közötti évek, melynek praktikus oka az, hogy a nyilvánosan hozzáférhető KSH adatbázis erre az időszakra tartalmazott a munkavállalási korú népességre vonatkozó adatokat. A vizsgálat áttekinti, illetve elemzi az emberi erőforrás társadalmi-gazdasági szerepével kapcsolatos elméleteket;a népesség iskolai végzettség szerinti alakulását iskolafokonként (alap-, közép- és felsőfok) – és a legmagasabb iskolai végzettség szerint (befejezett és befejezetlen általános iskola, középfokú szakképzettség érettségi nélkül, érettségi szakmai képzettséggel vagy anélkül, főiskola v. alapszak, egyetem v. mesterszak);a végzett tanulói létszámok alakulását iskolafokok szerint;a népesség iskolai végzettség szerinti, főbb munkaerőpiaci jellemzőinek alakulását (a gazdasági aktivitásnak, a foglalkoztatásnak, a munkanélküliségnek a száma és aránya). A vizsgálat eredményei alapján a közlemény következtetéseket, valamint javaslatokat fogalmaz meg. The goal of our research to show the development of the schooling and the professional qualifications in the last twenty years (2001-2019), and their effect the position change of population at the labour market.We chose the working-age population (15-64 years) as the social goal of full employment can be achieved for the working-age population.In the frame of the research first, we have made a short overview about labour market theories and about viewpoints.After that we analyzed the development of the number and proportion of population groups by different school types and school levels. In the second part of research we have examine the labour market activity of the different schooling groups, namely economically activity, the employment and the unemployment by number and by rate. In the all analyse we have show the datas of processes and start- and end-points.On the basis of the research results we had draw conclusions and proposals.Between conclusions are trend-type, too, which are valid for a long-time distance. In the present summary we show shortly the theoretical background, the causes and goals of the research, the change of work-age population by the schooling qualifications, and the change of labour market activity in economically activity and employment by numbers and rates. From the results we stress the economic activity proportions by the different schooling qualifications groups as their values are permanent and are characteristic to the group.

The impact of "Family 500+" programme on household incomes, poverty and inequality

We use the microsimulation approach and household budget survey data from 2015 to estimate the short-term impact of the “Family 500+” programme on household incomes, poverty and inequality. The results suggest that the programme will have the strongest impact on the incomes of households at the lower end of income distribution. Extreme consumption poverty in the whole population is reduced in the range from 35 to 37%, while child poverty in the range from 75 to 100%, depending on the choice of equivalence scale and assumptions about changes in household expenditures. The paper shows also that the programme will reduce the Gini index of income inequality in Poland by a few percentage points. The programme can lead to a lower risk of extreme poverty for households with children as compared to small households (e.g. single-person households). Analysis based on certain equivalence scales suggests that even before the implementation of the “Family 500+” programme extreme poverty among households with children was comparable or lower than among one-person or childless households. The progressive impact of “Family 500+” programme on income distribution in Poland may be reduced in the longer run if labour market activity of low income households will be affected negatively.

Granger Causal Nexus between Good Public Governance and Unemployment: Evidence from Cross-Country Panel Data Investigation

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the causality between good public governance captured through six World Bank governance indicators and unemployment rate (unemployment as % of the total labour force) as a clear indicator of labour market performance. Although some previous papers have empirically demonstrated the casual nexus between country-level governance and economic development, this study investigates the relation of causality between public governance and the labour market. By employing Granger non-causality tests, we tested two hypotheses with regard to this nexus. We argue that bidirectional Granger causality is predominant for the relation of country-level governance and unemployment. Finally, our paper offers a complex quantitative analysis of the causal nexus between public governance quality and one of the most known labour market activity indicators for an extended panel dataset of countries worldwide for 10 years.

Legitimising a radical policy idea: framing basic income as a boost to labour market activity

The idea of universal and unconditional basic income is gaining increasing traction worldwide. Yet the proposal of unconditional cash seems to run counter to some key normative assumptions in society. This article contributes to an understanding of the political feasibility of basic income from the perspective of framing strategies to legitimise the policy. It examines a framing commonly used by Finnish parties and politicians advocating basic income, that emphasised basic income’s capacity to boost activity and labour market participation. The article finds that basic income was often defended with framing that appealed to activity as a value, and that this framing was most actively pushed by the Greens, and adopted by other parties during the upturns of the debate. The article provides an insight into a strategy of legitimising a politically controversial idea by framing it in a normatively and ideologically resonant way.

Sustainability of the Pension System, Risks and Opportunities

All other things being equal by 2060 out of 10 of the working age population 6 pensioners will be accounted for. This does constitute a risk for the sustainability of pensions. Our study has analysed the most recent data on demographics, economy, employment, and its underlying factors, as well as the expected development of the figures of the pension fund. Our findings point to that the shrinking of the population of women of childbearing age will result in a constant decrease of birth rates even by a modest increase in fertility rates. Therefore, family policy measures - being indispensable - are of their own insufficient to mitigate the economic and pension risks. Due to its conjunctural nature economic growth can only temporarily mitigate the risks. On the other hand, the extension of the labour market activity of elderly people can set back the increase in pension costs with well predictable efficiency. Means to this end can include promoting activity at old ages, raising retirement ages, preserving physical and mental well-being and employability, as well as spreading the culture of self-reliance.

PRECARIOUS PATHWAYS INTO RETIREMENT AND NEW RISKS FOR GENDERED ECONOMIC EXCLUSION IN SWEDEN, 1990-2015

The ability and disposition of ageing people to maintain their labour market activity and/or to retire from work structurally depend on pension systems, activation policies, ageism, changing for labor demand and economic shifts. Structural conditions are changing, but social change does not mature homogeneously and neither do the institutional shifts induced by it. Gains in opportunities and resources do not benefit all people, groups and even societies in the same way. Changes increase insecurities and life course inhomogeneity, create unequally distributed challenges and show asynchrony in shifts and outcomes. They generate new precarity in ageing and socially structured risks for exclusion in work and retirement and refer to existing later life inequalities by cohort, gender, region, education, class and ethnicity. From this perspective of ageing and social change, the paper deals with shifts in late work and retirement patterns and later-life outcomes under changing institutional conditions, focusing on gendered risks for economic exclusion and later life precarity in Sweden. Swedish registry data comprising individual work and health histories as well as employer, regional and neighborhood information on the total population 50+ ever living in Sweden 1990-2015 is used in a cohort sequential perspective. Analyses focus on gender inequalities and concentrate on occupational activities, retirement transitions and pension revenues under changing social conditions. Models find increasingly heterogeneous preretirement and transition patterns, new gender gaps and increasing risks of economic exclusion in retirement with disadvantaged groups as forerunners in overall relative declines in later-life economic positions.

Youth Mobility Scheme: The Panacea for Ending Free Movement?

Free movement has been at the heart of the Brexit debate, with the government grappling between satisfying public and business demands for restrictive and liberal approaches to immigration respectively. In response the government have advocated temporary migration as a potential solution, including an expanded UK-EU Youth Mobility Scheme (YMS) modelled on the current T5 YMS on the assumption that YMS migrants undertake low-skilled jobs. Little is known about this visa or the labour market activity of YMS migrants. Drawing on policy analysis alongside survey and interview data from Australian YMS migrants, this paper seeks to bridge some of these knowledge gaps, arguing that an expanded EU YMS will not attract significant EU migrants, and is far from a remedy for free movement ending.

Remittances and Labour Supply Revisited: New Evidence from the Macedonian Behavioural Tax and Benefit Microsimulation Model

The objective of the paper is to revisit the role of remittances for labour-supply responses. Previous studies documented conflicting results, while the key methodological concern – remittances’ endogeneity about labour supply – has not been resolved convincingly. We construct behavioural tax and benefit microsimulation model and simulate labour-market responses of singles and couples had remittances not existed in their households. This is a novel methodological approach avoiding the usual trap of utilisation of inappropriate instruments to remittances. Our results suggest that remittances are prevalently associated with lower labour-market activity, especially for women. However, the labour-supply response is found quite feeble and only in single families. Hence, while previous findings are not entirely rebutted, they may have been overstated and are highly dependent on the construct of the receiving household.

Non-Economic Factors Affecting Employment in Non-Governmental Organizations

SummarySubject and purpose of work: The aim of the paper is to identify non-economic factors influencing employment in non-governmental organizations in the Subcarpathian Province.Materials and methods: Surveys were conducted in a group of 30 people managing non-governmental organizations.Results: In the Subcarpathian Province, the factors not connected to economy that encourage involvement in the work of non-governmental organisations include education, marital status, labour market activity, gender, religiousness, and moral authority associated with charitable activities. The factors such as age, personal experience of difficult life situations, or observing charity activities done by family members and friends have an insignificant effect on the involvement in the work of nongovernmental entities.Conclusions: The activities of state institutions of social policy whose goal is to increase the participation of citizens in the third sector entities should aim to give them an opportunity of obtaining the highest level of education possible, stable employment in the labour market, as well as creating conditions for families to function properly. Moreover, public institutions should conduct social campaigns to show citizens that working in the third sector enriches their social and personal life.