scholarly journals Which illicit drugs are injected in Oslo? A study based on analysis of drug residues in used injection equipment and self-reported information

2021 ◽  
pp. 140349482110439
Author(s):  
Hallvard Gjerde ◽  
Anne Line Bretteville-Jensen ◽  
Lihn Bache-Andreassen ◽  
Kristin Hanoa ◽  
Håvard Furuhaugen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Daily Injection ◽  
Drug Residues ◽  
Injection Equipment ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Past ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass

Background People who inject drugs (PWID) have a high risk of premature death due to fatal overdoses. Newly emerged fentanyls, much more potent than heroin and other opioids, may increase this risk further. Therefore, precise information on injected drugs is critical to improving prevention strategies. Aims This study aimed to analyse drug residues in used injection equipment in order to determine drug and drug combinations and compare and complement findings with self-reported information. Methods Used syringes and needles ( n=766) were collected at the supervised drug consumption facilities, the needle exchange service and two low-threshold health services for problem drug users in Oslo, Norway. The material was collected every third month from June 2019 to June 2020 and analysed for 64 substances using highly specific analytical methods (ultra–high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry). Additionally, a street-recruited sample of PWID was interviewed from 2017 to 2019 regarding their drug injection habits ( n=572). Results Heroin (65.5%) or amphetamines (59.8%), often in combination (30.5%), were commonly detected in drug residues. Other opioids, stimulants or benzodiazepines were rarely detected (6.1%). Fentanyl was detected in only one syringe. Heroin was the most reported drug (77.6% during the past four weeks, 48.3% daily/almost daily), followed by amphetamines (57.5% during the past four weeks, 23.1% daily or almost daily). Injection of methadone, buprenorphine and dissolved tablets was self-reported more frequently than determined in drug residue findings. Conclusions Analysis of the injection equipment proved useful as a non-invasive, rapid and accurate means to obtain detailed information on injected drugs in Oslo and supplement traditional PWID survey information.

Application of the Mechanical High-Pressure Method Combined with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Determination of Veterinary Drug Residues in Incurred Chicken and Rabbit Muscle Tissues

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
MINGXIA LIU ◽  
ZHEN WANG ◽  
XIANGJUN LI ◽  
XIAOGANG CHU ◽  
YALEI DONG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Homogenization Method ◽  
Veterinary Drug ◽  
Tandem Mass ◽  
Veterinary Drug Residues ◽  
Drug Residues ◽  
Pressure Method ◽  
Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass

ABSTRACTRapid sample preparation is a key step in the field of food safety. A mechanical high-pressure method using a laboratory-made meat press machine was first introduced in this study to process the incurred muscle samples of chicken and rabbit. By applying high pressure to animal muscle, the meat juice was obtained. After extraction and purification, veterinary drug residues in the juice were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by using high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The sample press conditions and extraction solvents were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, all veterinary drug residues, including tetracycline, enrofloxacin, clenbuterol, ampicillin, lincomycin, erythromycin, and sulfadiazine, in the incurred samples were detected. The residual concentration of drugs in samples obtained by using the mechanical high-pressure method can reach up to 94.0% of that obtained by using the common homogenization method, suggesting that drug residues exist in the tissue juice, which justifies the use of the mechanical high-pressure method. Moreover, with the mechanical high-pressure method, the sample preparation time was shortened by five times, and the consumption of the extraction solvent was reduced by 50%, relative to the homogenization method.

Oral fluid as a diagnostic tool

2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin E. Choo ◽  
Marilyn A. Huestis
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Clinical Tool ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractTechnological advances over the past decades have enabled oral fluid to expand its usefulness in the diagnosis of disease, prediction of disease progression, monitoring of therapeutic drug levels and detection of illicit drugs. The easy non-invasive nature of collection and the relationship between oral fluid and plasma levels make oral fluid a valuable clinical tool. This review describes advances over the past 5 years in the area of oral fluid as a diagnostic tool, its use in therapeutic and illicit drug monitoring, including proposed guidelines for cut-off values, and methods of collection.

scholarly journals Optimization and Validation of a Multiclass Screening and Confirmation Method for Drug Residues in Milk Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry

2011 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan B Clark ◽  
Joseph M Storey ◽  
Sherri B Turnipseed
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Veterinary Drug ◽  
Drug Residues ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
Fortified Milk ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Positive Controls

Abstract The further optimization and validation of a multiresidue veterinary drug screening method for milk is described. The drug residues of regulatory interest in milk include -lactams, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and macrolides. A previously published procedure has been modified to incorporate new compounds and to collect both screening and confirmatory ion transitions in one acquisition method. Milk samples were extracted with an equal volume of acetonitrile. The samples were then subjected to cleanup with a bonded SPE cartridge and a MW cutoff filter. The SPE protocol was modified to effectively recover a metabolite of flunixin. Established tolerance levels are set for most of these drugs in milk; thus, the screening procedure was semiquantitative, using positive controls for comparison. The positive controls, consisting of extracts from milk fortified with the drugs at their tolerance or safe level, were used to set statistically valid minimum response criteria for unknown samples. This updated method was validated with fortified milk, as well as with milk samples from animals administered veterinary drugs.

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