Formation of a Flow-Line Technical Diesel Engine by the Method of Safety-Free Diagnostics

The analysis of diagnostic methods of diesel engines is given. The principle of diagnostics by certain methods, parameters, by which the diagnostics of fuel injection equipment is conducted, as well as disadvantages of one or another method are considered. The main causes of derangements in the nodes of the fuel injection equipment of diesel engines are determined. The examples have proved that the direct diagnostics methods are the most effective in determining correlation dependencies, for example, indicating the workflow in a diesel cylinder. It is particularly established that the methods of technical diagnostics do not require dismantling of the fuel injection equipment and have proven themselves to be versatile and operative, allowing to comprehensively evaluate the condition of the diesel. The methods of non-separable diagnostic of the condition of a diesel engine are described in detail, the features of such indirect diagnostic methods as vibration, acoustic, indirect indicating by determining the voltage in the cylinder head studs, estimation of the wear rate of component parts with a metal content in engine oil, as well as diagnosing with uneven rate speed of the crankshaft. The vibro-acoustic diagnostic method of a diesel engine can be used to determine the technical condition of such elements as a diesel fuel injection pump , nozzles, and a fuel-priming pump. In addition, the characteristics of motor testers, highly specialized testers and auto scanners are given. A diagnostic feature using a computer auto scanner is that it allows evaluating the condition of nodes in a comprehensive manner, that is, taking into account the mutual influence of derangements on each other. It is noted that the methods that do not require disassembling can be considered the most effective, and the most accurate assessment of the technical condition of the diesel fuel system can be given using the diagnostic method according to the parameters of work processes.

Principles and Developments in Soil Grouting: a Historical Review

Grouting includes a range of processes that involve the injection of wet or dry materials into the ground to provide improved engineering properties. Common aims are to increase strength or stiffness or to reduce permeability within the mass of ground treated. The simplest process in concept is the permeation of the pore spaces with a fluid grout which then sets, and provides the desired properties. Jet grouting employs erosion and mixing using high energy jets, to attack a wide-ranging set of soils and applications. This paper, mainly, addresses permeation grouting for the improvement of soils, in terms of strengthening or reduction of permeability, and compensation grouting for the displacement of structures during subsurface exploration. The historical evolution of these two grouting processes is described leading up to present-day practice. Reference is made to grouting materials, methods of injection, equipment, limitations and verification for each type of grouting. The grouts used to make permeation grouting are mainly suspensions and chemical solutions. The suspensions penetrate well into soils with granulometry up to coarse sand. On the contrary, the chemical solutions penetrate satisfactorily in finer formations up to fine sands or coarse sludges. Because some chemical solutions are toxic or generally harmful to the environment and humans, an effort has been made internationally in recent years to replace them with inorganic fine-grained suspensions.

Design Of Portable Injection Waste Destruction Machine With Sterilization System

The Community Health Center (Puskesmas) does not yet have special facilities for treating medical waste such as hospitals. Hospital/Puskesmas waste and waste generated by hospital activities and other supporting activities. Make a machine that destroys waste injection equipment equipped with a knife made of SKD as a plastic syringe destroyer. Design of a syringe crushing machine in the form of needles and syringes, Analyze the von misses stress received by the frame structure of the syringe crusher, Analyze the displacement by the load received by the frame structure of the syringe crusher, Analyze the safety factor of the frame structure of the crusher syringe. Analyzing using solidworks 2016 software, the results obtained are the maximum value of von misses, displacement, and safety of factor from the lower frame of the syringe waste crusher machine. Von misses stress obtained in the analysis using Solidworks 2016 gets a value of 48.54 Mpa in software calculations, while in theoretical calculations it is 48.01 Mpa. The percentage of errors calculated by software and theory is 1%. The displacement obtained in the analysis using Solidworks 2016 software is 0.34 mm in theoretical calculations of 0.35 mm. The percentage of errors calculated by software and theory is 2%. The safety factor obtained in the solidwork analysis gets a value of 4.7 ul (upper limit), while the theoretical calculation is 5.2 ul (upper limit) which means this frame is declared safe when the engine is operating.

Which illicit drugs are injected in Oslo? A study based on analysis of drug residues in used injection equipment and self-reported information

Background People who inject drugs (PWID) have a high risk of premature death due to fatal overdoses. Newly emerged fentanyls, much more potent than heroin and other opioids, may increase this risk further. Therefore, precise information on injected drugs is critical to improving prevention strategies. Aims This study aimed to analyse drug residues in used injection equipment in order to determine drug and drug combinations and compare and complement findings with self-reported information. Methods Used syringes and needles ( n=766) were collected at the supervised drug consumption facilities, the needle exchange service and two low-threshold health services for problem drug users in Oslo, Norway. The material was collected every third month from June 2019 to June 2020 and analysed for 64 substances using highly specific analytical methods (ultra–high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry). Additionally, a street-recruited sample of PWID was interviewed from 2017 to 2019 regarding their drug injection habits ( n=572). Results Heroin (65.5%) or amphetamines (59.8%), often in combination (30.5%), were commonly detected in drug residues. Other opioids, stimulants or benzodiazepines were rarely detected (6.1%). Fentanyl was detected in only one syringe. Heroin was the most reported drug (77.6% during the past four weeks, 48.3% daily/almost daily), followed by amphetamines (57.5% during the past four weeks, 23.1% daily or almost daily). Injection of methadone, buprenorphine and dissolved tablets was self-reported more frequently than determined in drug residue findings. Conclusions Analysis of the injection equipment proved useful as a non-invasive, rapid and accurate means to obtain detailed information on injected drugs in Oslo and supplement traditional PWID survey information.

Baseline assessment of therapeutic injection practices in Pakistan in 2020: a cross-sectional study

Objective: To assess the magnitude of the problem of injection safety in public and private health facilities in two districts of Sindh and Punjab provinces of Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted between October and December 2020 among public and private health facilities of two districts of Pakistan: Gujarat in Punjab and Larkana in Sindh provinces. A convenient sample size of 60 healthcare facilities (30 from each district) was taken due to time and resource constraint. Six data collection tools were used which included structured observations and interviews with injection prescribers and providers based on WHO Revised Tool C, which were finalised after piloting. Results: Reuse of injection equipment was not observed in any of the 60 health facilities. In exit interviews of 120 patients, it was found that 27 (22.5%) patients reported receiving an injection, while 11 (9.2%) were prescribed intravenous (IV) drips. More injections and drips were prescribed in the private sector (n=15; 25.0%) in comparison with the public sector (n=12; 20.0%). Slightly higher proportion of IV drips were prescribed by the private providers when compared to public sector healthcare providers: 6 (10.0%) vs 5 (8.3%) respectively. Most of the prescribers (n=58; 96.7%) reported that patients who attended public and private health facilities demanded injectable medicines. Used syringes and drips were noted to be visible in open containers and buckets for final disposal in 20 (33.3%) assessed health facilities. Continuou...

The use of neural network algorithms for modeling injection doses of modern fuel injectors

The article presents the possibilities of using artificial intelligence methods to model the injection doses of a modern Common Rail (CR) fuel injector. The presented neural network solution belongs to the experimental models known as black boxes in mechatronics. The backpropagation algorithm and its Levenberg-Marquardt expansion were used for the simulation. The analysis showed that there is a good match between the measurements and the computational model. The proposed solution can be used in the processes of diagnosing not only elements of the injection equipment, but also the internal combustion engine. The paper presents the construction and operation of fuel injectors and the important role of precision pairs work.

The Possible Relationship between the Abuse of Tobacco, Opioid, or Alcohol with COVID-19

Introduction: Substance use disorder has been frequently reported to increase the risk of infectious diseases, which might be owing to the sharing of contaminated inhalation, smoking, vaping, or injection equipment. Aim: This review analyzes the recent literature with the aim to put in light the possible relationship between the abuse of different substances (Tobacco, opioid, and Alcohol) with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Tobacco: Multiple studies confirmed that cigarette smoking affects the respiratory system by increasing the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptors, which have a significant association with COVID-19 infection rate and disease severity. Opioid: Studies conducted regarding the association of opioid use disorder (OUD) and COVID-19 infection severity are limited; however, opioids can lead to both respiratory depression and kidney injuries, causing poor prognosis for those with COVID-19 infections. Alcohol: People with alcohol use disorders are at risk of developing acute lung injury and severe COVID-19 infection. Alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic has two possible scenarios: either increased or decreased based on situations. Conclusion: SUD has been frequently reported to have a positive relationship with COVID-19 severity Further studies are needed to understand the effects of opioids and alcohol abuse on COVID-19.

RESEARCH OF RESIDUAL LIFETIME OF DIESEL ENGINES FUEL INJECTION EQUIPMENT BY MEANS OF FUEL INJECTION MATHEMATIC SIMULATION

On the basis of the engineering practices of the last 3-4 decades, it is known, tested and proven that, while mathematical models provide reliable descriptions of processes, cycles or physical phenomena, in theoretical research the theory of small deviations is comprehensively preferable to any experiment on regulating characteristics. Considering the fact that all parameters and characteristics are sometimes interconnected by nonlinear dependences, it is impossible to distinguish the influence of a specific parameter on the sought-for value, and can be even hazardous if the determinant argument or its derivative has extreme values. The role of mathematic simulation to determine the residual lifetime of the fuel injection equipment of diesel engines was established. It was also noted that for a reliable description of the processes going on in the fuel injection equipment it is advisable to use the method of small deviations. The mathematical model is based on the known physical laws that describe the interdependence of the two groups of parameters: engine variables and performance parameters - both within the groups and between them. The transition of classical differential equations describing the processes of fuel supply and injection taking into account fuel leaks in precision pairs to the equations with small deviations of parameters is shown. An analysis of correlations between the parameters of injection, fuel supply and fuel leakage was carried out and the most influential parameters were found. The influence coefficients are found and correlations between the influence coefficients and the corresponding parameters are constructed. We used the correlations found to describe the influence of the technical condition of precision pairs on the engine performance indicators. The correlations between the change in injection patterns and small deviations of the parameters describing technical condition of precision pairs are also established.