Income Redistribution Effect of the Swedish Sickness Allowance Insurance in a Comparison of Two Concepts of Social Class

1988 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 227-232
Author(s):  
Björn Söderfeldt ◽  
Berth Danermark ◽  
Sven Larsson
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Income Redistribution ◽  
Work Conditions ◽  
Structural Class ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Redistribution Effect

Social insurances effect income distributions between social strata. Here, insurance returns in relation to income are studied on the Swedish sickness allowance insurance, which is intended to redistribute from higher to lower social strata. Two measures of social class are used, the socio-economic classification, the official index of Sweden, and a structural class concept, which in earlier results discriminates better for material factors such as income and work conditions. The material consists of all sickness cases of 1983 for 3161 persons, sampled from insurance registers and cross-classified with registers at taxation authorities. Data on insurance returns, incomes, and occupation are used. Results clearly confirm the intended redistribution effect, but considerably clearer with the structural class concept. The effect is even stronger than intended for some strata, where the system seems to lack in implementation. The consequences for choice of class measure are finally discussed.

Latina and African American Women: Continuing Disparities in Health

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marsha Lillie-Blanton ◽  
Rose Marie Martinez ◽  
Andrea Kidd Taylor ◽  
Betty Garman Robinson
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Health Services ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Work Conditions ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Minority Population ◽  
American Women

Women of all races have faced incredible challenges as they sought to realize the promises of America. For women of color, these challenges were compounded by the second-class citizenship of U.S. racial and ethnic minority population groups. In an effort to assess the quality of life experienced by Latina and African American women, this article provides descriptive information on racial/ethnic differences in women's social conditions, health status, exposure to occupational and environmental risks, and use of health services. When possible, indices are stratified by family income to limit the effects of social class on the comparison of racial differences. The authors provide evidence that Latina and African American women are more likely than nonminority women to encounter social environments (e.g., poverty, densely populated neighborhoods, hazardous work conditions) that place them at risk for ill-health and injury. Although persistent racial disparities in health are often attributed to the lifestyle behaviors of racial minority populations, they are undoubtedly a consequence of poorer social conditions as well as barriers in access to quality health services. To achieve further gains, public policies must reduce social inequalities (i.e., by gender, race, and social class) and assure greater equity in access to resources that facilitate healthier environments and lifestyles. Public health initiatives should be community-based, reflecting a shared partnership that actively engages minority women in decision-making about their lives.

scholarly journals A Positive Theory of Income Taxation

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oriol Carbonell-Nicolau
Keyword(s):  
Electoral Competition ◽  
Income Redistribution ◽  
Competition Model ◽  
Income Taxation ◽  
Tax Policies ◽  
Positive Theory ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Dynamic Version ◽  
Nonlinear Income Taxation

We explore the consequences of electoral competition for nonlinear income taxation. Our model is a dynamic version of the standard two-party electoral competition model adapted to nonlinear income taxation. The theory has a number of desirable features. First, equilibria always exist, even though the set of admissible tax policies is multidimensional. Second, the Nash set can be characterized generically, and its components give sharp predictions. Third, the features of equilibrium tax policies depend only on empirically meaningful fundamentals.Equilibrium tax schedules benefit the more numerous income groups and place the burden of taxation on income groups with fewer voters. For empirical income distributions, the features of an equilibrium tax schedule are reminiscent of Director's law of public income redistribution (Stigler [39]).

Social Class and Sickness Absences

1987 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Söderfeldt ◽  
Berth Danermark ◽  
Sven Larsson
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Sickness Insurance ◽  
Structural Class ◽  
Dependent Variables

Four different class measures (social groups, a socioeconomic classification, a measure by Erik Olin Wright, and a structural class concept) were applied on a gross material of 3252 persons registered by sickness insurance authorities. The measures were compared by description of absence days, average durations, sickness rates, and sex. No significant differences were found. By associating measures and absence days, differences were found only for doctor certified days, where the structural class concept diverged. Two conclusions are drawn: When dependent variables are of ideological character, practical considerations may decide choice of class measure. In other cases, caution is advised and further research needed.

Social Class and Cardiovascular Disease: The Contribution of Work

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 659-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Marmot ◽  
Tores Theorell
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Work Conditions ◽  
Work Characteristics ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Psychosocial Work ◽  
The Social ◽  
Neuroendocrine Mechanisms ◽  
Cardiovascular Illness ◽  
Support At Work

Low social class has been identified as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in highly industrialized countries. The authors discuss the social class concept in relation to psychosocial working conditions. Most of those psychosocial work characteristics that are of relevance to cardiovascular risk, namely, skill discretion, authority over decisions, and social support at work, are unevenly distributed across social classes–the lower the social class, the fewer the resources for coping with psychosocial stressors. Furthermore, biomedical risk factors for cardiovascular illness are also unevenly distributed across social class and associated with psychosocial work characteristics. The main conclusion is that part of the association between social class and cardiovascular illness risk may be due to differences in psychosocial work conditions. The psychosocial work conditions may affect the risk through either neuroendocrine mechanisms or lifestyle. Excessive tobacco smoking, for instance, may be enforced by poor working conditions.

Income Redistribution Effect Of Public Pensions Between Dynastic Families

2002 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritsuko Futagami ◽  
Kimiyoshi Kamada ◽  
Toshiaki Tachibanaki
Keyword(s):  
Income Redistribution ◽  
Public Pensions ◽  
Redistribution Effect

scholarly journals Changes in Consumption Patterns and Employment under Alternative Income Distributions in Pakistan

1985 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aftab Ahmad Cheema ◽  
Muhammad Hussain Malik
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Income Redistribution ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Additional Income

The demand and employment effects of alternative distributions of the existing as well as the additional income generated through growth of the economy have been analysed in this paper. The results show that income redistribution in favour of the low-income households would increase the demand for basic necessities like wheat, pulses, edible oils, etc., while the demand for certain other commodities would decrease. The results also show that the consumption levels of the poor households can be significantly increased with income redistribution without much adverse effects on the rich. The employment effects are found to be positive and substantial.

Work Conditions

2018 ◽  
pp. 74-93
Author(s):  
Ann Oakley
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Work Conditions ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
The Social ◽  
Work Tasks

This chapter examines the role of the structure and content of work in the case of the housewife. Answers given by the forty women in the sample to questions about work tasks suggest that certain characteristics of housework may be more or less uniformly experienced as dissatisfying while others are potentially rewarding. A look at the social class dimension also indicates that there is a considerable area of shared response to housework which may reflect on the nature of the work itself, and the conditions under which it is done. Hence it would seem both helpful and important to examine a number of aspects of work that industrial sociology has highlighted as critical in the explanation of job satisfaction. These are the experiences of monotony, fragmentation, and excessive pace in work and social interaction patterns. Two other dimensions of work looked at in this chapter include working hours and the technical environment.

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