scholarly journals Female journalists under attack? Explaining gender differences in reactions to audiences’ attacks

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1849-1867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lea Stahel ◽  
Constantin Schoen
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Audience Engagement ◽  
Gender Role Socialization ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Female Journalists ◽  
Avoidance Strategies ◽  
And Gender

The literature on public figures attacked by their audiences is unclear why female and male figures react differently to attacks. This study examines why female journalists are more likely than male journalists to use avoidance strategies as a reaction to online attacks. Avoidance includes limiting audience engagement, adapting reporting behavior, and thinking about quitting journalism. Drawing on social role theory and gender stereotypes, this study contrasts two explanatory hypotheses. The results, based on mediation analyses of online survey data of 637 journalists representative of Switzerland, show that women are more likely than men to use avoidance strategies because women are more stressed by attacks. This heightened stress is argued to result from differences in gender role socialization. In contrast, while women are somewhat more severely attacked than men, this cannot explain their greater probability of avoidance. Results contribute a theoretically and empirically rich explanation of gendered reactions to attacks.

Incongruity between Work and Gender Roles: The Effects of Gender Stereotype Deviation on Job SatisfactionDate submitted: May 7, 2018Revised version accepted after double-blind review: August 31, 2019.

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-231
Author(s):  
Sina Otten ◽  
Dorothea Alewell
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Blind Review ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Role Incongruity

We analyze the effects of deviation from gender stereotypes on job satisfaction for male and female employees in general and for employees in leadership positions. Based on social role theory, backlash mechanisms owing to the violation of gender norms and role incongruity theory, we expect that deviating from gender stereotypes negatively affects job satisfaction. We test our hypotheses by hierarchically applying multiple linear regressions to German employee data. Results show a stable negative effect of deviation from gender stereotypes on job satisfaction for women only. Our findings are consistent with recent studies that confirm traditional gender structures on the labor market and expand our knowledge about backlash effects, since they indicate that deviation from gender norms not only affects objective career indicators but also subjective ones. As job satisfaction is a predictor of organizational success, we discuss ways for organizations to reduce the harmful effects of persistent traditional gender stereotypes in workplaces.

Stereotype, Attitudes, and Identity

2013 ◽  
pp. 112-135 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Role Identity ◽  
Role Expectations ◽  
Gender Role Attitude ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gendered Expectations ◽  
Dominant Theory

This chapter aims to: look at gendered expectations and stereotypes; identify what is viewed as gender appropriate behaviour that contributes to the barriers women face in terms of their careers; consider how an individual’s gender role attitude can influence career choice; discuss the dominant theory in the area, social role theory, and how this is an important theory when looking at women’s roles within the workplace especially women working in gender incongruent occupations and industries, as the theory is concerned with gender stereotypes and gender role expectations; and discuss the role identity plays in career development and choice.

Gender Differences in the Psychology of Competition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin J. Hanek
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Gender Composition ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Social Role Theory ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Competitive Environments ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Gender

Drawing primarily on the literature in experimental economics and social psychology, this article reviews key findings on gender differences for two aspects of competitiveness and competition: entry preferences and performance. Although women, relative to men, have been shown to shy away from competition and underperform in competitive environments, this article also discusses boundary conditions for these effects, such as the nature of the task or gender composition of the group, and highlights manifestations of these effects in applied domains, including in negotiations, the labor market, educational settings, and sports. Adopting social psychological frameworks of prescriptive norms and stereotypes, particularly social role theory, this article examines ways in which gender-incongruencies may underpin gender gaps in competition and gender-congruencies may alleviate them. Finally, this article considers implications for individuals and institutions as well as future directions in the field to continue finding ways to close gaps.

Implicit occupational gender stereotypes: a research among Turkish university students

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cigdem Basfirinci ◽  
Zuhal Cilingir Uk ◽  
Sernur Karaoglu ◽  
Kadriye Onbas
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
University Students ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Hypothetical Scenario ◽  
Turkish University Students ◽  
Occupational Gender

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to reveal implicit occupational gender stereotypes for 12 different occupations in Turkey.Design/methodology/approachUsing a sample of 954 Turkish university students, this study aimed to explore which jobs are implicitly perceived to be masculine and which jobs are implicitly perceived to be feminine. The role of the respondents’ sex, the place where they grew up (metropolitan or rural) and the information level about the occupation (job title or job description) on occupational gender stereotypes were also tested. Gender stereotypes were assessed using a hypothetical scenario method, which provides an opportunity to reveal implicit information processing. Chi Square andt-test were used in hypothesis testing.FindingsConsistent with the circumscription and compromise and the social role theory, as expected, the findings of the current study provided additional support about occupational gender stereotypes showing that job titles are strongly effective vehicles to communicate gender stereotypes for Turkish university students.Originality/valueUsing implicit measures of information processing and offering findings from a completely different cultural background (Turkey) constitutes the original contribution of this work.

scholarly journals Prejudice and discrimination in the everyday life of same-sex couples raising children

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mário Augusto TOMBOLATO ◽  
Ana Cláudia Bortolozzi MAIA ◽  
Anna Paula UZIEL ◽  
Manoel Antônio dos SANTOS
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Raising Children ◽  
Same Sex Couples ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Prejudice And Discrimination ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Parenthood Status

Abstract The present study investigated the experiences of prejudice and discrimination in the everyday lives of five same-sex couples raising children. Data were collected using a questionnaire and an interview and were analyzed by thematic analysis. Participants attributed meanings to their experiences of being homoparental families: they assumed their social role as they managed to develop their own conjugality and parental projects in the struggle within a social context permeated by the hegemony of heteronormative values. The participants experienced prejudice related to their lifestyle and attained parenthood status, challenging social norms and gender stereotypes. However, it was also found that attitudes of willingness and perseverance in their fight for their rights proved to be protective measures against prejudice and social intolerance. A limited number of studies have examined the prejudice and discrimination towards same-sex families in Brazil; therefore, there is a need for greater visibility and further discussion about this phenomenon.

Financial performance and gender diversity. The effect of family management after a decade attempt

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kofi Mintah Oware ◽  
Thathaiah Mallikarjunappa
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Financial Performance ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Family Management ◽  
Social Role Theory ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
And Gender

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate family management, financial performance and gender diversity of listed firms. Design/methodology/approach Using the India stock market as a testing ground, this paper used descriptive statistics and panel regression with random effect assumptions in the analysis of 800 firm-year observations between 2010 and 2019. Findings The findings show that an improvement in stock price returns leads to a corresponding increase in women employment. Also, the study shows that an increase in family-managed firms leads to a decrease in the number of women employed in listed firms. This paper speculates using the social role theory that family involvement may see women as the weaker vessel and with a role to concentrate on raising children and handling house affairs. The consequence is a decrease in women employment. The study also shows that the interactive variable of financial performance (return on assets and return on equity) × family-managed firms still causes a decrease in women employment. This paper perceives that managers in family-managed firms see women as weaker vessels and home managers which is consistent with the Indian culture. The results are robust after controlling for endogeneity. Research limitations/implications The research study is limited to large firms on the Indian stock market that submit sustainability reports and also used a single country data that can potentially limit the generalisation of the study. Originality/value No studies have combined social role theory in examining the effect of family management on gender diversity in the emerging markets.

Perceptions of Musicians: Gender Stereotypes and Social Role Theory

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. Cramer ◽  
Erin Million ◽  
Lynn A. Perreault
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Social Role Theory

COMPARING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL SELF-EFFICACY OF FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS IN MALE- AND FEMALE-DOMINATED INDUSTRIES

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (03) ◽  
pp. 1550018 ◽  
Author(s):  
GLORIA L. SWEIDA ◽  
JEREMY ALAN WOODS
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Learning Differences ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Mastery Experiences ◽  
Social Persuasion

The aim of this paper is to examine the potential differences in the entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) of female entrepreneurs who own businesses in gender congruent and incongruent industries. Through the lens of social role theory the four antecedents of efficacy are examined. The results of ten in-depth, qualitative interviews show there are overarching similarities in all factors between the groups but nuanced differences in the areas of mastery experiences, social persuasion and vicarious learning. Differences were also found in the areas of social comparisons and perceived gender stereotypes. The paper discusses how ESE manifests for female entrepreneurs based on the gender congruency of the industry in which her business operates. Last, areas for future research are discussed.

What Makes Nonfamily Employees Act as Good Stewards? Emotions and the Moderating Roles of Stewardship Culture and Gender Roles in Family Firms

2020 ◽  
pp. 089448652096882
Author(s):  
Kai C. Bormann ◽  
Sabrina Backs ◽  
Christina Hoon
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Citizenship ◽  
Organizational Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Family Firms ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Stewardship Theory ◽  
Female Employees ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Based on stewardship theory and social role theory, we examine the bounded nature of nonfamily employees’ individual stewardship behaviors (i.e., organizational citizenship behavior, OCB) in family firms. We expect stewardship culture to make male (female) employees’ OCB more (less) affect-driven. In Study 1, we used data from family and nonfamily firms’ employees to establish the unique manifestation of stewardship in family firms. Study 2 was a diary study of nonfamily employees. As expected, for women, we found stewardship culture to attenuate the relationships between affect and OCB. For men, stewardship culture strengthened the relationship between affect and OCB.

scholarly journals Negotiation Power and the Impact of Gender Differences

Businesses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-213
Author(s):  
Katrin Zulauf ◽  
Ralf Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Conflict Theory ◽  
Role Congruity Theory ◽  
Theoretical Contribution ◽  
Role Congruity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

This study focuses on the intersection of power and gender in negotiations, which is seldom challenged in previous research. In an experiment with 72 negotiators, we consider issue authority as a proxy of power in negotiations and investigate how different power allocations affect the negotiation success. We learn that an increase in issue authority for one of the two parties does not necessarily lead to an increase in success. Especially, female negotiators rely on their negotiation power, rather than systematically improving mutual utilities. This article contributes to Emerson’s power-dependence theory, social role theory, role congruity theory, and gender role conflict theory by combining analyzing the impact of gender differences and power on the success. This study attempts to close the gap in the literature by focusing on the prospective function of gender role orientation in explaining gender differences in negotiation. The theoretical contribution is that females are not per se inferior in negotiations, but their performance decreases in scenarios of power asymmetries. On the contrary, unbalanced power decreases the likelihood of success. Negotiators cannot rely on a power advantage to increase their success.

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