Implicit occupational gender stereotypes: a research among Turkish university students

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cigdem Basfirinci ◽  
Zuhal Cilingir Uk ◽  
Sernur Karaoglu ◽  
Kadriye Onbas
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
University Students ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Hypothetical Scenario ◽  
Turkish University Students ◽  
Occupational Gender

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to reveal implicit occupational gender stereotypes for 12 different occupations in Turkey.Design/methodology/approachUsing a sample of 954 Turkish university students, this study aimed to explore which jobs are implicitly perceived to be masculine and which jobs are implicitly perceived to be feminine. The role of the respondents’ sex, the place where they grew up (metropolitan or rural) and the information level about the occupation (job title or job description) on occupational gender stereotypes were also tested. Gender stereotypes were assessed using a hypothetical scenario method, which provides an opportunity to reveal implicit information processing. Chi Square andt-test were used in hypothesis testing.FindingsConsistent with the circumscription and compromise and the social role theory, as expected, the findings of the current study provided additional support about occupational gender stereotypes showing that job titles are strongly effective vehicles to communicate gender stereotypes for Turkish university students.Originality/valueUsing implicit measures of information processing and offering findings from a completely different cultural background (Turkey) constitutes the original contribution of this work.

From phubee to phubber: the transmission of phone snubbing behavior between marital partners

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuo Chen ◽  
Yanping Gong ◽  
Julan Xie
Keyword(s):  
Relationship Quality ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Marital Quality ◽  
Technology Use ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Marital Partners

PurposeThe ubiquity of mobile phone use has generated a common phenomenon called phubbing, a reference to snubbing someone in social settings and instead concentrating on one's phone. Despite numerous adverse effects of phubbing argued in previous research, the group of phubbers is growing intensively. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential transmission of phubbing between marital partners to raise public awareness of the propagation of phubbing.Design/methodology/approachA two-wave study with a 3-month interval was conducted, using matched husband–wife data from 253 Chinese couples. Husbands and wives separately completed questionnaires about their spouses’ phubbing and their marital quality. The dyadic data analysis method was applied to test the research hypotheses.FindingsThe results confirm the transmission of phubbing and show a pronounced gender asymmetry in the process of phubbing transmission. Phubbing could be transmitted from wives to husbands, but not vice versa. Specifically, only wives' phubbing significantly undermine relationship quality, while relationship quality was negatively related to both husbands' phubbing and wives' phubbing.Originality/valueThis study contributes to a better understanding of the mechanism of phubbing transmission and provide support for reciprocity theory and social role theory. Results can cause public attention to the transmissibility of phubbing and provide enlightenment on the management of personal phone behavior and offer insight into research on technology use in other types of interpersonal relationships.

scholarly journals Consumption of energy drinks among Turkish University students and its health hazards

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arda Borlu ◽  
Belgin Oral ◽  
Osman Gunay
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
University Students ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Energy Drinks ◽  
Health Hazards ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Creative Commons ◽  
Turkish University Students ◽  
Questionnaire Method

Objective: To determine the awareness, consumption patterns of energy drinks (ED) and health hazards among students at a Turkish University. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted by questionnaire method between in 2017 among Erciyes University students. Total 1257 students from the Faculties of Medicine, Communication and Physical Education and Sports College participated in the study. Pearson chi-square test, binary logistic regressions were used for statistical analysis. p <0.05 values were considered significant. Results: Students who tried at least once and consumed regularly ED were 52.5% and 15.7% respectively. Consuming regularly and trying ED were more common among students who were studying at Physical Education and Sports High school, male, smoking, alcohol consumer, doing regular physical activity. Mean age of students to start drinking ED was 15.1 years. Most common reason for ED consumption was; staying awake. Alcohol mixed energy drinks consumption rate was 37.6% among regular ED consumers. Most declared harmful effect was palpitation. Conclusion: ED consumption among Erciyes University students was widespread. Students should be informed about EDs’ hazards for health. Legal regulations regarding production, marketing and advertising of EDs must be reconsidered. How to cite this:Borlu A, Oral B, Gunay O. Consumption of energy drinks among Turkish University students and its health hazards. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(2):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.2.638 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Financial performance and gender diversity. The effect of family management after a decade attempt

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kofi Mintah Oware ◽  
Thathaiah Mallikarjunappa
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Financial Performance ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Family Management ◽  
Social Role Theory ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
And Gender

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate family management, financial performance and gender diversity of listed firms. Design/methodology/approach Using the India stock market as a testing ground, this paper used descriptive statistics and panel regression with random effect assumptions in the analysis of 800 firm-year observations between 2010 and 2019. Findings The findings show that an improvement in stock price returns leads to a corresponding increase in women employment. Also, the study shows that an increase in family-managed firms leads to a decrease in the number of women employed in listed firms. This paper speculates using the social role theory that family involvement may see women as the weaker vessel and with a role to concentrate on raising children and handling house affairs. The consequence is a decrease in women employment. The study also shows that the interactive variable of financial performance (return on assets and return on equity) × family-managed firms still causes a decrease in women employment. This paper perceives that managers in family-managed firms see women as weaker vessels and home managers which is consistent with the Indian culture. The results are robust after controlling for endogeneity. Research limitations/implications The research study is limited to large firms on the Indian stock market that submit sustainability reports and also used a single country data that can potentially limit the generalisation of the study. Originality/value No studies have combined social role theory in examining the effect of family management on gender diversity in the emerging markets.

Perceptions of Musicians: Gender Stereotypes and Social Role Theory

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. Cramer ◽  
Erin Million ◽  
Lynn A. Perreault
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Social Role Theory

Invisibility not invincibility: Pakistani women and the lack of career ascendance

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaista Waqar ◽  
Rubina Hanif ◽  
Jennifer Loh
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Service Industries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Similar Work ◽  
Job Promotion ◽  
Pakistani Women ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of gender in the relationships between employee’s work experience and their chances of obtaining a job promotion. Design/methodology/approach Five hundred middle to lower management Pakistan employees from service industries were surveyed. Measures used to obtain data included work experience, job promotions and gender. Gender was dummy coded. Moderation analyses via SPSS was used to investigate the moderating effect of gender in the relationship between employee’s work experience and job promotions. Findings The results indicated that work experience was positively associated with job promotion. However, the results indicated that gender fully moderated the relationship between work experience and job promotion. Specifically, female employees were less likely to get promoted compared to male employees despite having similar work experiences. Research limitations/implications Drawing together the human capital theory, social role theory and cultural factors, this study highlighted the socioeconomic/cultural barriers’ impact on Pakistani women’s career ascendance. Practical implications There is a lack of empirical evidence about career ascendance among Pakistani women. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to conduct and provide empirical evidence so that relevant agencies within Pakistan can develop more gender-equitable promotional policies and processes. Originality/value This study responded to the call for more empirical investigation of career ascendancy among women in developing countries. While this issue has been discussed in many developed western countries, there is a lack of empirical evidence in Muslim Pakistan.

COMPARING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL SELF-EFFICACY OF FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS IN MALE- AND FEMALE-DOMINATED INDUSTRIES

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (03) ◽  
pp. 1550018 ◽  
Author(s):  
GLORIA L. SWEIDA ◽  
JEREMY ALAN WOODS
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Learning Differences ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Mastery Experiences ◽  
Social Persuasion

The aim of this paper is to examine the potential differences in the entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) of female entrepreneurs who own businesses in gender congruent and incongruent industries. Through the lens of social role theory the four antecedents of efficacy are examined. The results of ten in-depth, qualitative interviews show there are overarching similarities in all factors between the groups but nuanced differences in the areas of mastery experiences, social persuasion and vicarious learning. Differences were also found in the areas of social comparisons and perceived gender stereotypes. The paper discusses how ESE manifests for female entrepreneurs based on the gender congruency of the industry in which her business operates. Last, areas for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurship education in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiantian Liu ◽  
Keith Walley ◽  
Geoff Pugh ◽  
Paul Adkins
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Entrepreneurship Education ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
General Measure ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Education In China

Purpose The purpose of this study is to generate insight into the effects of entrepreneurship education in China by conducting a preliminary scoping study of the enterprising tendency of university students studying business. Design/methodology/approach This study used a self-administered questionnaire based on the General Measure of Enterprising Tendency v2 (GET2) test to measure the enterprising tendency of a group of Chinese university students. Decision trees, using the Chi-square automatic interaction detector (CHAID) approach, and multiple regression analyses were used to investigate the enterprising tendency of respondents. Findings The findings from this study indicate that the students have an overall medium level of enterprising tendency and strengths in some enterprising characteristics. The findings reveal that gender, family business, hometown and entrepreneurship education are significantly related to enterprising tendency but that age, household income, parents’ education and occupation are not. Research limitations/implications Although the study is based on a relatively small sample taken from just one university in Beijing, the findings suggest that the enterprising tendency of students can be encouraged by entrepreneurship education. Combined with evidence that entrepreneurship education is at a relatively early stage of development in China, this finding suggests considerable scope to increase student’s enterprising tendency by extending, creating a more favourable environment for and improving the methods used to deliver entrepreneurship education. Enterprising tendency can be argued to naturally result in entrepreneurial intention; however, this extension is beyond the scope of this study, which is restricted to the analysis of enterprising tendency. Originality/value This study makes an original contribution to knowledge as it is one of the first studies to explore enterprising tendency among university students in China. It has value for government, policymakers and university program designers in that it provides direction for entrepreneurship education in China.

scholarly journals Female journalists under attack? Explaining gender differences in reactions to audiences’ attacks

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1849-1867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lea Stahel ◽  
Constantin Schoen
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Audience Engagement ◽  
Gender Role Socialization ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Female Journalists ◽  
Avoidance Strategies ◽  
And Gender

The literature on public figures attacked by their audiences is unclear why female and male figures react differently to attacks. This study examines why female journalists are more likely than male journalists to use avoidance strategies as a reaction to online attacks. Avoidance includes limiting audience engagement, adapting reporting behavior, and thinking about quitting journalism. Drawing on social role theory and gender stereotypes, this study contrasts two explanatory hypotheses. The results, based on mediation analyses of online survey data of 637 journalists representative of Switzerland, show that women are more likely than men to use avoidance strategies because women are more stressed by attacks. This heightened stress is argued to result from differences in gender role socialization. In contrast, while women are somewhat more severely attacked than men, this cannot explain their greater probability of avoidance. Results contribute a theoretically and empirically rich explanation of gendered reactions to attacks.

Of Caring Nurses and Assertive Police Officers: Social Role Information Overrides Gender Stereotypes in Linguistic Behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 743-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Gustafsson Sendén ◽  
Alice Eagly ◽  
Sabine Sczesny
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Social Role Theory ◽  
Male Dominated ◽  
Linguistic Behavior

Three studies demonstrated the expression of gender stereotypes in linguistic behavior. In Study 1, participants composed sentences describing a person by freely choosing from female- or male-dominated occupations, female or male pronouns, and communal or agentic traits. In Study 2a, participants chose traits to describe a person identified by a female- or male-dominated occupation and in Study 2b by a female or male pronoun and noun. In Study 3, participants chose traits for a person identified by both a female- or male-dominated occupation and a female or male pronoun. In general, participants chose more communal and fewer agentic traits for sentences containing a female- (vs. male-) dominated occupation and a female (vs. male) pronoun or noun. However, participants described women and men in the same occupation as similarly agentic or communal, demonstrating the primacy of role over sex information as predicted by social role theory.

How traditional gender roles hurt both women and men: negative processes and outcomes in mixed-gender negotiations

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuvana Rua ◽  
Zeynep Aytug ◽  
Nastaran Simarasl ◽  
Lianlian Lin
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Conflict Theory ◽  
Role Congruity Theory ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Role Congruity ◽  
Congruity Theory ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Mixed Gender

Purpose Based on the social role theory, role congruity theory and gender role conflict theory, this paper aims to investigate the mediating role of “relationship conflict” in the association between traditional gender role (TGR) endorsement and objective and subjective negotiation outcomes. Design/methodology/approach Two experimental negotiation studies (n1 = 138, n2 = 128) were conducted at a US university. Findings This paper presents three original and noteworthy findings: One, in mixed-gender negotiations, as a dyad’s TGR endorsement increases, final agreements become significantly more likely to favor men than women. Two, in mixed-gender negotiations, TGR endorsement is significantly associated with a decreased ability to establish a pleasant, mutually satisfactory and successful business relationship, resulting in a possible future economic cost due to lost opportunity. Three, the heightened relationship conflict during the negotiation mediates the negative association between TGR endorsement and women’s economic outcomes. Research limitations/implications Empirical findings support social role theory, role congruity theory and gender role conflict theory. The use of a distributive negotiation case and laboratory research methodology may limit the generalizability of findings. Practical implications Findings about the detrimental effects of TGR in mixed-gender negotiations magnify the importance of becoming aware of our TGR orientations and their potential negative consequences on our long-term collaborations. Also, it is necessary to provide negotiation trainings to both genders with regard to gender-driven conflicts and offer tools to prevent or tackle such conflicts. Social implications Negotiations are among the most consequential of social interactions as their results have a substantial impact on individuals’ careers and financial outcomes. Understanding the effect of TGRs is paramount to improve female representation, participation and effectiveness in management and leadership. Mixed-gender negotiations such as collective equality bargaining, workplace social interactions, work-life balance discourse are critical to establishing gender equality and fairness in organizations and societies. Originality/value Understanding how gender influences negotiation processes and outcomes and using the findings to improve both genders’ negotiation success are crucial to establishing fairness and equity in society and business. This research attempts to close a gap in the literature by focusing on the potential function of gender role orientation in explaining gender differences in negotiation.

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