The unconditional ‘ought’: A theoretical model for the anthropology of morality

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Les Beldo
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Social Judgment ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Moral Discourse ◽  
Ontological Categories ◽  
The Relationship

Despite growing interest in the study of morality in anthropology, the field continues to be hindered by the lack of a common theoretical framework that adequately conceptualizes morality as an analytic concept and distinguishes it from other domains of social judgment. Drawing upon and critiquing efforts by Laidlaw and Zigon, I propose a theoretical model that recognizes morality as one of three kinds of ‘ought’ propositions. As a special kind of ‘ought’, moral judgment and practice imply prescriptive standards that are experienced as factual and unconditional, independent of prudence or consensus. The distinction between moral discourse and ‘embodied’ morality, as well as the relationship between morality and ontological categories such as personhood and self, are discussed in light of this understanding. The essay concludes with a brief analysis of moral discourse among members of organized atheist groups.

scholarly journals e-Campaigning in the 2014 European elections

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Ceron ◽  
Luigi Curini
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Theoretical Argument ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
European Elections ◽  
Electoral Campaigns ◽  
Electoral Campaign ◽  
The Relationship

The article explores the relationship between the incentives of parties to campaign on valence issues and the ideological proximity between one party and its competitors. Building from the existing literature, we provide a novel theoretical model that investigates this relationship in a two-dimensional multiparty system. Our theoretical argument is then tested focusing on the 2014 European electoral campaign in the five largest European countries, through an analysis of the messages posted by parties in their official Twitter accounts. Our results highlight an inverse relationship between a party’s distance from its neighbors and its likelihood to emphasize valence issues. However, as suggested in our theoretical framework, this effect is statistically significant only with respect to valence positive campaigning. Our findings have implications for the literature on valence competition, electoral campaigns, and social media.

How Authentic Experience Affects Traditional Religious Tourism Development

2020 ◽  
pp. 004728752092124
Author(s):  
Tsung Hung Lee ◽  
Fen-Hauh Jan ◽  
Yi Hsien Lin
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Perceived Benefits ◽  
Perceived Benefit ◽  
Religious Tourism ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Religious Festival ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of the present study is to examine a theoretical model using authentic experience, perceived benefit, perceived cost, and support for tourism development among attendees of the Dajia Mazu Pilgrimage in Taiwan. Overall, 1,244 usable responses were collected and analyzed. Analytic findings indicated that authentic experience and perceived benefits are precedents of support for tourism development. Perceived benefits significantly mediate the relationship between authentic experience and support for tourism development in both first-time and repeat attendees. The present study concludes that an individual who attends a traditional religious festival has authentic experiences of pilgrimage that create perceived benefits and lead to behavior that supports tourism development. The theoretical and managerial implications presented in this article elucidate an original theoretical framework and valuable insights for promoting support for tourism development, potentially also contributing to the literature.

Prosecutors and Plea Bargains

2019 ◽  
pp. 56-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan C. McCannon
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Plea Bargaining ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Jury Trial ◽  
Bargaining Process ◽  
Simple Theoretical Model ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter focuses on the prosecutor’s role in plea bargaining. To guide the analysis, a simple theoretical model is developed, exploring the interaction between the prosecutor and the defense in the plea bargaining process. This theoretical framework is then used to organize the relationship between plea bargaining and the prosecutor in the likelihood of going to trial and the size of the plea discount. With regard to going to trial, three important dimensions are evaluated: (1) the expectations of the outcome to arise if the case goes to trial, (2) the magnitude of the stakes if convicted, and (3) the costs involved with going to a jury trial. Finally, the theoretical model is used to evaluate the size of the plea discount obtained.

The nose knows: On the relationship between embodiment and social judgment

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Chasse ◽  
Fade Eadeh ◽  
Stephanie Peak ◽  
N. Pontus Leander
Keyword(s):  
Social Judgment ◽  
The Relationship

The Subject Matter of Intellectual Property

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine Pila
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Trade Mark ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Essential Properties ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
The Relationship

This book offers a study of the subject matter protected by each of the main intellectual property (IP) regimes. With a focus on European and UK law particularly, it considers the meaning of the terms used to denote the objects to which IP rights attach, such as ‘invention’, ‘authorial work’, ‘trade mark’, and ‘design’, with reference to the practice of legal officials and the nature of those objects specifically. To that end it proceeds in three stages. At the first stage, in Chapter 2, the nature, aims, and values of IP rights and systems are considered. As historically and currently conceived, IP rights are limited (and generally transferable) exclusionary rights that attach to certain intellectual creations, broadly conceived, and that serve a range of instrumentalist and deontological ends. At the second stage, in Chapter 3, a theoretical framework for thinking about IP subject matter is proposed with the assistance of certain devices from philosophy. That framework supports a paradigmatic conception of the objects protected by IP rights as artifact types distinguished by their properties and categorized accordingly. From this framework, four questions are derived concerning: the nature of the (categories of) subject matter denoted by the terms ‘invention’, ‘authorial work’, ‘trade mark’, ‘design’ etc, including their essential properties; the means by which each subject matter is individuated within the relevant IP regime; the relationship between each subject matter and its concrete instances; and the manner in which the existence of a subject matter and its concrete instances is known. That leaves the book’s final stage, in Chapters 3 to 7. Here legal officials’ use of the terms above, and understanding of the objects that they denote, are studied, and the results presented as answers to the four questions identified previously.

scholarly journals The reputation trap of NGO accountability

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen E. Gent ◽  
Mark J. C. Crescenzi ◽  
Elizabeth J. Menninga ◽  
Lindsay Reid
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
International Crisis ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Ngo Accountability ◽  
The Relationship

Can concerns for one’s reputation cause non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to alter their behavior to the detriment of achieving their policy goals? To answer this question, we explore the relationship between NGOs and their donors. Our theoretical model reveals that reputation can be a key piece of information in the decision to fund an NGO’s activities. Reputation can become so important to the NGO’s survival that it interferes with the long-term policy goals of the organization. As such, reputations can become a double-edged sword, simultaneously providing the information donors seek while constraining NGOs from realizing policy goals. We apply this logic to the problem of NGO accountability, which has received increasing attention in recent years, and demonstrate that the tools used by donors to improve accountability can trigger unintended consequences. We illustrate this strategic dynamic with two types of NGO activity: water improvement and international crisis mediation.

scholarly journals Exploring the relationship between corporate social responsibility actions and employee retention: A human resource management perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Hajar Boutmaghzoute ◽  
Karim Moustaghfir
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Organizational Identification ◽  
Employee Retention ◽  
Employee Commitment ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Behavioral Factors ◽  
The Relationship

BACKGROUND: This study builds on the little guidance in the existing literature to analyze the relationship between employee-oriented CSR actions and employee retention in a business context, while using Freeman stakeholders’ model as a theoretical research framework. This research also aims to shed light on significant behavioral factors facilitating the relationship between CSR endeavors and turnover rate. OBJECTIVE: This paper builds on the existing research gap in the literature and suggests that behavioral factors, including job satisfaction, organizational identification, and motivation facilitate the relationship between employee-oriented CSR actions and employee retention, which contributes to laying the foundations of a theoretical framework that has the potential to advance both theoretical and practitioner debates and disentangle the complexity of such a relationship, while offering strategically-focused development venues in CSR and HRM fields. METHODS: This research uses a single case study design to ensure an in-depth and detailed analysis of the phenomenon under scrutiny, while relying on a triangulation methodology for data collection, including a questionnaire used as exploratory approach, interviews to generate explanatory data, and archival data to bring confirmatory insights. Data analysis followed the procedures of a deductive approach. RESULTS: The research results show a positive relationship between employee-oriented CSR actions and employee retention, while demonstrating the facilitating role of job satisfaction, organizational identification, and motivation in moderating such a relationship. The findings also stress the importance of framing CSR interventions within the organization’s strategy and goals, while ensuring employee participation in such decision making processes to maximize the effect of CSR interventions on employee commitment and reduce turnover. CONCLUSIONS: This research has the potential to better clarify the nature of the relationship involving CSR interventions, from an employee perspective, retention, and turnover, while laying the foundations of a theoretical framework linking such constructs and other behavioral factors that underpin and support such a relationship. Building on the study’s findings and assumptions, future research is needed to gain a more comprehensive understanding of how HR-related CSR actions affect behavioral performance dimensions, resulting in employee commitment and retention. Future research should also consider multiple case study, multicultural, and ethnographic approaches for the sake of generalizability and theory building.

Psychological Needs and Moral Judgment

1977 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 475-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Wilson ◽  
Stephen B. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Motivational Orientation ◽  
Moral Maturity ◽  
The Relationship

This study examined the relationship between motivational orientation, as characterized by Maslow (1970), and moral judgment, as conceptualized by Kohlberg (1973). The results indicated, as predicted, that esteem-oriented persons had significantly higher moral maturity scores than did safety-oriented individuals of a group of 110 male undergraduates, aged 18 to 25 yr.

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