Risk factors for aggression in pre-adolescence: Risk domains, cumulative risk and gender differences - Results from a prospective longitudinal study in a multi-ethnic urban sample

Purpose Previous research has indicated that low resting heart rate (RHR), measured at age 18, predicts later psychopathy, and that high RHR acts as a protective factor in nullifying the influence of several psychosocial risk factors in predicting later antisocial and criminal outcomes. This paper aims to investigate high RHR as a protective factor against age 8–10 psychosocial risk factors in predicting psychopathy factors at age 48 (measured by the PCL:SV). Design/methodology/approach Data collected in the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development are analyzed. This is a prospective longitudinal study of 411 London males from age 8 to age 61. Findings This paper first reports the age 8–10 psychosocial risk factors that predict the interpersonal/affective Factor 1 and the lifestyle/antisocial Factor 2. Then interaction effects with high RHR are studied. The results indicate that high RHR acts as a protective factor against a convicted father and a depressed mother in predicting both psychopathy factors. It also protected against harsh discipline, large family size, low verbal IQ, high hyperactivity, poor parental supervision and a high delinquency-rate school in predicting one of these psychopathy factors, and against a convicted mother in a sensitivity analysis. Originality/value This is the first ever longitudinal study showing that high RHR acts as a protective factor in the prediction of psychopathy. The replicated results with different antisocial outcomes show that more research is warranted on the protective effects of high RHR.

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Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Norway; a prospective, longitudinal study showing increased transmissibility of the Alpha variant (B.1.1.7) compared with other variants

10.1101/2021.08.15.21261478 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Cathinka Halle Julin ◽

Anna Hayman Robertson ◽

Olav Hungnes ◽

Gro Tunheim ◽

Terese Bekkevold ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Close Contact ◽

Questionnaire Data ◽

Primary Case ◽

Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽

Household Contacts ◽

Household Transmission ◽

Alpha Variant ◽

Prospective Longitudinal

ABSTRACT Background We studied the secondary attack rate (SAR), risk factors, and precautionary practices of household transmission in a prospective longitudinal study. Moreover, we compared household transmission between the Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant and non-variants of concern (non-VOCs). Methods We recruited households of confirmed COVID-19 cases from May 2020 to May 2021. Households received 8 home visits over 6 weeks. Biological samples and questionnaire data were collected. Results We recruited 70 confirmed COVID-19 cases and 146 household contacts. Transmission occurred in 60% of the households; the overall SAR for household contacts was 49.6%. The SAR was significantly higher for the Alpha variant (77.8%) compared with non-VOC variants (42.5%) and was associated with a higher viral load. SAR was higher in household contacts aged ≥40 years (64%) than in younger contacts (40-47%), and for contacts of cases with loss of taste/smell. Close contact prior to confirmation of infection tended to give a higher SAR. A significantly lower SAR was found for sleeping separately from the primary case after confirmation of infection. Conclusion We found substantial household transmission, particularly for the Alpha variant. Precautionary practices seem to reduce SAR; however, prevention of transmission within households may become difficult with more transmissible variants.

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Incidence of crown fracture and risk factors in the primary dentition: a prospective longitudinal study

Dental Traumatology ◽

10.1111/edt.12288 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 32 (6) ◽

pp. 450-456 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Patrícia Corrêa-Faria ◽

Saul Martins Paiva ◽

Maria Letícia Ramos-Jorge ◽

Isabela Almeida Pordeus

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Primary Dentition ◽

Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽

Prospective Longitudinal

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A prospective, longitudinal study of risk factors for early onset of delinquency among maltreated youth

Children and Youth Services Review ◽

10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.05.023 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 102 ◽

pp. 222-230 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Minhae Cho ◽

Wendy Haight ◽

Won Seok Choi ◽

Saahoon Hong ◽

Kristine Piescher

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Early Onset ◽

Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽

Prospective Longitudinal

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Risk factors for stress and urge urinary incontinence during pregnancy and the first year postpartum: a prospective longitudinal study

International Urogynecology Journal ◽

10.1007/s00192-021-04788-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shiow-Ru Chang ◽

Wei-An Lin ◽

Ting-Chen Chang ◽

Ho-Hsiung Lin ◽

Chien-Nan Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Urinary Incontinence ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Urge Urinary Incontinence ◽

First Year ◽

Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽

Prospective Longitudinal

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Gender Differences in the Effect of Medical Humanities Program on Medical Students' Empathy: A Prospective Longitudinal Study

10.21203/rs.2.15503/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Michal Lwow ◽

Laura Canetti ◽

Mordechai Muszkat

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Medical Students ◽

Medical School ◽

Medical Humanities ◽

Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽

Student Version ◽

Admission System ◽

Prospective Longitudinal ◽

Humanities Curriculum

Abstract Objective Previous studies have suggested that Medical students' empathy declines during medical school, especially during clinical studies. The aim of this study was to examine whether humanities curriculum and admission system affect empathy changes during the first clinical year in medical school. Methods In this prospective longitudinal study, 262 students were assessed during the fourth-year of medical school. Empathy was assessed before and at 4th-year-end, using the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy-Student Version (JSPE-S). The study included three cohorts, differing in humanities curriculum [limited Medical Humanities (MH (lim) ) vs. extended Medical Humanities (MH (ext) )], and in admission system [Personal Interview (PI) vs. multiple mini interviews (MMI)]. Results Among women, but not among men, MH (ext) as compared to MH (lim) was associated with significantly higher JSPE-S at the beginning (118.47±11.43 vs. 110.36±9 .97, p <0.001), and end of 4th-year (117.97±12.86 vs. 111.49±14.42, p <0.001), (p=0.009). Admission system was not associated with JSPE-S at the beginning or at the end of the 4th year. Conclusion Among women, extended MH program had a positive effect on empathy at the beginning of the first clinical year, as compared to the limited program. This effect persisted through that year. However, in men MH program did not affect empathy. Adopting MMI-based admission system had no measurable effect on students’ empathy. Extensive educational program can enhance and sustain empathy in medical students during the first clinical year following the program. Gender differences in response to medical humanities programs requires further study.

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Gender Differences in the Effect of Medical Humanities Program on Medical Students' Empathy: A Prospective Longitudinal Study

10.21203/rs.2.15503/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Michal Lwow ◽

Laura Canetti ◽

Mordechai Muszkat

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Medical Students ◽

Medical Humanities ◽

Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽

Student Version ◽

Admission System ◽

Prospective Longitudinal ◽

The Impact ◽

Humanities Curriculum

Abstract Objective: Previous studies have suggested that Medical students' empathy declines during medical school, especially during the clinical studies. The aim of this study was to examine. changes in medical students' empathy during their first clinical experience, and to determine the impact of gender and humanities curriculum on empathy changes. Methods: In this prospective longitudinal study, 262 4th year students from three consecutive classes were assessed. Empathy was assessed before and at 4th-year-end, using the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy-Student Version (JSPE-S). The three classes differed in humanities curriculum [limited Medical Humanities (MH(lim)) vs. extended Medical Humanities (MH(ext))], and in admission system [Personal Interview (PI) vs. multiple mini interviews (MMI)]. Results: Overall, there was a small but significant decrease in JSPE-S during the fourth year (114.40±11.32 vs. 112.75±14.19, p= 0.034). Among men there was a statistically significant decline in JSPE-S during the fourth year, and the MH(ext) (but not the MH(lim)) was associated with the decline (t(35) = 2.38, p = 0.023). Women students showed no decline in empathy during the fourth-year of studies, regardless of type of humanities program. In addition, women who participated in MH(ext) had a higher JSPE-S scores during the 4th -year as compared to women who participated in MH(lim). Conclusion: Pre-clinical humanities program was associated with a decline in empathy among men medical students during the fourth-year of medical studies. Gender differences in response to medical humanities programs require further study.

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A Prospective Longitudinal Study Evaluating The Influence of Immunosuppressives and Other Factors On COVID-19 in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases

10.21203/rs.3.rs-805748/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Abhishek Patil ◽

Chanakya K ◽

Padmanabha Shenoy ◽

Chandrashekara S ◽

Vikram Haridas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

General Population ◽

Lung Disease ◽

Rheumatic Diseases ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Geographic Region ◽

Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽

Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases ◽

Prospective Longitudinal

Abstract Background We conducted this study to identify the influence of prolonged use of hydroxychloroquine(HCQ), glucocorticoids (GC) and other immunosuppressants (IS) on occurrence and outcome of COVID-19 in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases (AIRDs). Methods This was a prospective, multicenter, non-interventional longitudinal study across 15 specialist rheumatology centers. Consecutive AIRD patients on treatment with immunosuppressants were recruited and followed up longitudinally to assess parameters contributing to development of COVID-19 and its outcome. Results COVID-19 occurred in 314(3.45%) of 9212 AIRD patients during a median follow up of 177 (IQR 129,219) days. Long term HCQ use had no major impact on the occurrence or the outcome of COVID-19. Glucocorticoids in moderate dose (7.5-20mg/day) conferred higher risk (RR = 1.72) of infection. Among the IS, Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), Cyclophosphamide (CYC) and Rituximab (RTX) use was higher in patients with COVID 19. However, the conventional risk factors such as male sex (RR = 1.51), coexistent diabetes mellitus (RR = 1.64), pre-existing lung disease (RR = 2.01) and smoking (RR = 3.32) were the major contributing risk factors for COVID-19. Thirteen patients (4.14%) died, the strongest risk factor being pre-existing lung disease (RR = 6.36, p = 0.01). Incidence ((17.5 vs 5.3 per 1 lakh (Karnataka) and 25.3 vs 7.9 per 1 lakh(Kerala) ) and case fatality (4.1% vs 1.3 % (Karnataka) and 4.3% vs 0.4% (Kerala)) rate of COVID-19 was significantly higher (p < 0.001) compared to the general population of the corresponding geographic region. Conclusions Immunosuppressants have a differential impact on the risk of COVID-19 occurrence in AIRD patients. Older age, males, smokers, hypertensive, diabetic and underlying lung disease contributed to higher risk. The incidence rate and the case fatality rate in AIRD patients is much higher than that in the general population.

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