Economic Abuse as an Invisible Form of Domestic Violence: A Multicountry Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy L. Postmus ◽  
Gretchen L. Hoge ◽  
Jan Breckenridge ◽  
Nicola Sharp-Jeffs ◽  
Donna Chung
Keyword(s):  
Partner Violence ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Economic Abuse ◽  
Financial Abuse ◽  
Intimate Partner Relationships ◽  
Media Reports ◽  
Collaborative Efforts

The predominant perception of intimate partner violence (IPV) as constituting physical violence can still dominate, particularly in research and media reports, despite research documenting multiple forms of IPV including sexual violence occurring between intimate partners and various forms of psychological and emotional abuse. One frequently hidden or “invisible” form of abuse perpetrated within intimate partner relationships is economic abuse, also referred to as financial abuse in much of the literature. While the links between gendered economic insecurity and economic abuse are emerging, there remains a lack of consistency about definitions within the United States and globally, as there is no agreed upon index with which to measure economic abuse. As such, the purpose of this article is to review and analyze the global literature focused on either economic or financial abuse to determine how it is defined and what measures are used to capture its prevalence and impact. The 46 peer-reviewed articles that met all inclusion criteria for analysis came from a range of countries across six continents. Our review found that there is growing clarity and consistency of terminologies being used in these articles and found some consistency in the use of validated measures. Since this research is in its “infancy,” we need to have stronger collaborative efforts to use similar measures and terminology. Part of that collaborative effort is to consider how language and cultural differences may play a part in our understanding of economic abuse.

Abusive Men's Use of Children to Control Their Partners and Ex-Partners

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa L. Beeble ◽  
Deborah Bybee ◽  
Cris M. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Anecdotal Evidence ◽  
Multiple Variables ◽  
The Relationship

While research has found that millions of children in the United States are exposed to their mothers being battered, and that many are themselves abused as well, little is known about the ways in which children are used by abusers to manipulate or harm their mothers. Anecdotal evidence suggests that perpetrators use children in a variety of ways to control and harm women; however, no studies to date have empirically examined the extent of this occurring. Therefore, the current study examined the extent to which survivors of abuse experienced this, as well as the conditions under which it occurred. Interviews were conducted with 156 women who had experienced recent intimate partner violence. Each of these women had at least one child between the ages of 5 and 12. Most women (88%) reported that their assailants had used their children against them in varying ways. Multiple variables were found to be related to this occurring, including the relationship between the assailant and the children, the extent of physical and emotional abuse used by the abuser against the woman, and the assailant's court-ordered visitation status. Findings point toward the complex situational conditions by which assailants use the children of their partners or ex-partners to continue the abuse, and the need for a great deal more research in this area.

The Influence of Intimate Partner Violence on Pregnancy Symptoms

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 523-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Özlem Can Gürkan ◽  
Zübeyde Ekşi ◽  
Derya Deniz ◽  
Hasan Çırçır
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Mental Health Symptoms ◽  
Health Symptoms ◽  
Economic Abuse

The current literature contains few studies conducted on the effects of intimate partner violence (IPV) on pregnancy symptoms. Does being subjected to IPV during pregnancy increase the incidence of pregnancy-related symptoms? The aim of the present study was to explore the impact of IPV on pregnancy-related symptoms. The study was conducted as comparative, descriptive, and cross-sectional research with a total of 370 participants. Data were collected using the Domestic Violence Against Women Screening Form, the Pregnancy Symptoms Inventory (PSI), and a descriptive questionnaire. The types of IPV the women in the study had experienced during pregnancy were, in order of frequency, verbal abuse (31.1 %; n = 115), economic abuse (25.9 %; n = 96), physical violence (8.4 %; n = 31), and sexual abuse (5.9%; n = 22). The PSI scores for the pregnant women subjected to physical violence related to gastrointestinal system symptoms ( p < .05), cardiovascular system symptoms ( p < .05), mental health symptoms ( p = 0), neurological system symptoms ( p < .05), urinary system symptoms ( p < .01), and tiredness or fatigue ( p = 0); their total PSI scores ( p = 0) were significantly higher statistically than those of women who did not experience physical violence during pregnancy. The scores of the pregnant women subjected to sexual abuse related to mental health symptoms ( p < .05), and their total PSI scores ( p < .05) were significantly higher than those of women who did not experience sexual abuse. The scores of the pregnant women subjected to economic abuse related to tiredness or fatigue ( p < .01) and their mental health symptom scores ( p < .05) were significantly higher than those of women who did not experience economic abuse. Our results showed that women subjected to IPV during pregnancy experienced a higher incidence of pregnancy symptoms.

scholarly journals Intimate Partner Violence and Stalking Behavior: Exploration of Patterns and Correlates in a Sample of Acutely Battered Women

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mindy B. Mechanic ◽  
Terri L. Weaver ◽  
Patricia A. Resick
Keyword(s):  
Battered Women ◽  
Dating Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Descriptive Data ◽  
Time Out ◽  
Violent Relationship ◽  
The Relationship

The aims of this study were to provide descriptive data on stalking in a sample of acutely battered women and to assess the interrelationship between constructs of emotional abuse, physical violence, and stalking in battered women. We recruited a sample of 114 battered women from shelters, agencies, and from the community at large. Results support the growing consensus that violent and harassing stalking behaviors occur with alarming frequency among physically battered women, both while they are in the relationship and after they leave their abusive partners. Emotional and psychological abuse emerged as strong predictors of within- and postrelationship stalking, and contributed a unique variance to women’s fears of future serious harm or death, even after the effects of physical violence were controlled. The length of time a woman was out of the violent relationship was the strongest predictor of postseparation stalking, with increased stalking found with greater time out of the relationship. Results suggest the need to further study the heterogeneity of stalking and to clarify its relationship to constructs of emotional and physical abuse in diverse samples that include stalked but nonbattered women, as women exposed to emotional abuse, and dating violence.

Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry W. Bennett ◽  
Oliver J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Ipv Perpetration

Perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) use coercive actions toward intimate or formerly intimate partners, including emotional abuse, stalking, threats, physical violence, or rape. The lifetime prevalence of IPV is 35% for women and 28% for men, with at an estimated economic cost of over ten billion dollars. IPV occurs in all demographic sectors of society, but higher frequencies of IPV perpetration are found among people who are younger and who have lower income and less education. Similar proportions of men and women use IPV, but when the effects of partner abuse are considered, women bear the greatest physical and behavioral health burden. Single-explanation causes for IPV such as substance abuse, patriarchy, and personality disorders are sometimes preferred by practitioners, advocates, and policymakers, but an understanding of IPV perpetration is enhanced when we look through the multiple lenses of culture and society, relationship, and psychological characteristics of the perpetrators.

He Said, She Said: Comparing Men’s and Women’s Descriptions of Men’s Partner Violence

2019 ◽  
pp. 088626051988853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmine Rodriguez ◽  
Sandra K. Burge ◽  
Johanna Becho ◽  
David A. Katerndahl ◽  
Robert C. Wood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Heterosexual Couples ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Relationship Length

More than one in three women and one in four men in the United States report victimization by intimate partner violence. Women and men often disagree about the frequency or severity of violent acts, and researchers have proposed various reasons for discordant reports. Using daily surveys and qualitative interviews, we compared men’s and women’s reports about men’s partner aggression and examined language they used to describe their experiences. Fifteen heterosexual couples in violent relationships completed an 8-week study that involved daily telephone surveys about violent behaviors and household environment; baseline and end-of-study surveys addressing predictors and outcomes of violence; and qualitative end-of-study interviews to provide perspective about their relationships. Most participants were Latinos with low income. Relationship length was 5.5 years, median. In daily surveys, both partners reported similar frequencies of men’s physical violence (4% of days), but men reported more physical violence by women than women did (8% vs. 3% of days). The qualitative analysts compared men’s and women’s accounts of male-to-female violence and observed gender-specific variations in style of reporting. Men used indirect language to describe their violent behavior, implied definitions of abuse, and justified their aggression. These findings have implications for clinical guidelines to screen and intervene with victims and perpetrators of intimate partner violence in primary care and emergency settings. Future research should focus on perpetrators of violence and examine effective ways for health care providers to identify and manage their care.

Intimate Partner Violence and the Role of Breast Imaging Centers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rifat A Wahab ◽  
Maegan Chan ◽  
Charmi Vijapura ◽  
Ann L Brown ◽  
Emaan Asghar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Breast Imaging ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Psychological Harm ◽  
Patterns Of Abuse

Abstract Intimate partner violence (IPV) is defined as physical violence, sexual violence, stalking, or psychological harm by a current or former intimate partner. In the United States, one in three women will experience a form of IPV in their lifetime. Screening for IPV at breast imaging centers provides an important opportunity to identify and assist affected women. Breast imaging centers provide a private environment where passive and active IPV screening methods can be employed. In addition, when obtaining a mammogram or breast ultrasound, the patient’s upper chest is exposed, which could demonstrate patterns of abuse. This article discusses the need for IPV screening, via both passive and active methods, and implementation steps for breast imaging centers.

scholarly journals The Effect of Abusive Factors on the Emergence of the Financial Abuse between Partners: An Exploratory Study for the opinions of a sample of married women within the geographical location at Duhok city specifically Avro City

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 50-61
Author(s):  
Snobar Junayd Rasol ◽  
Saad Fadhil Abas
Keyword(s):  
Partner Violence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Financial Knowledge ◽  
Financial Abuse ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Family Finances

It remains the dominant concept when talking about intimate partner violence that physical violence is predominant, predominately in academic researches and reports published by media. In this study we focus on another form of unseen abuse that is committed in close partner relationships. It is an economic abuse which is likewise indicates to as financial abuse in a wide range of the literature. In this study we concentrate on five factors that affect the financial abusive which are Engaging in Activities, Culture & Traditions, Financial Skills, Financial Knowledge, and Financial Illiteracy. The research sample include only married women within geographical location at Duhok city specifically Avro City, 120 electronic form of the research questionnaire was distributed on the respondents, and about 105 form were valid which represent a percent of 87.5% from the distributed questionnaire. The results revealed that there is a significant and positive correlation between the five abusive factors and financial abuses at the levels of research variables. According to the conclusions We suggested that there should be more interest in our society to increase women's awareness of how to manage their income and to have an opinion and a role in managing their own financial affairs and managing family finances.  

scholarly journals Immigration and Intimate Partner Violence

Social Work ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine L. Marrs Fuchsel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Asian Women ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Four Levels

Drawing from a feminist and ecological perspective, intimate partner violence, also known as domestic violence, is abuse that occurs in intimate relationships regardless of culture, race/ethnicity, or sexual orientation and involves behaviors used by one person to gain or maintain power and control over the other person. These types of abuse and characteristics of abuse include psychological, physical, sexual, verbal, or economic abuse, or isolation. Targeted victims in intimate partner violence incidences are predominantly women. According to the ecological model, intimate partner violence manifests at four levels, including individual, relationship, community, and societal. During the 1970s in the United States, recognition of intimate partner violence as a community problem affecting millions of American Caucasian women was apparent. Since that time increasing numbers of foreign-born individuals have resulted in increased prevalence of intimate partner violence among different groups of women (e.g., African women, Asian women, Southeast Asian women, Latinas, immigrant women, refugees) living in the United States. In addition, the intersection between intimate partner violence and immigration-related implications has increased for one particular group of women living in the United States: immigrant Latinas (i.e., approximately one in three Latinas have experienced physical violence by an intimate partner in their lifetime). This is partly due to the increase of Latinos migrating to the United States from Mexico, Central American countries, and other Spanish-speaking countries. According to the 2016 US census, Latinos are the largest and fastest-growing minority group in the United States. The majority of Latinos currently reside in large states and distinct geographical parts of the United States (e.g., California, Texas, New York, Southwestern and Eastern states). In the early 21st century, the Southeastern (e.g., state of North Carolina) and Midwestern (e.g., state of Iowa) parts of the United States have seen an increase in the Latino population. The criminal justice system’s involvement and efforts to mitigate intimate partner violence among migrant populations are noteworthy.

The Mediated Portrayal of Intimate Partner Violence in True Crime Podcasts: Strangulation, Isolation, Threats of Violence, and Coercive Control

2021 ◽  
pp. 107780122110190
Author(s):  
Danielle C. Slakoff
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Coercive Control ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
True Crime

In this directed qualitative content analysis of four season-long true crime podcasts, the researcher examined how different types of intimate partner violence (IPV) were portrayed. Across the podcasts, controlling behaviors, emotional abuse, and coercive control were commonly depicted. Physical violence was not the most common form of abuse depicted, but it was presented in sensationalistic ways—with a pointed focus on strangulation and bruising. Overall, the podcasts provided a much more realistic portrayal of IPV at the individual level than traditional news sources, yet did not go far enough in describing the societal conditions that permit abuse.

scholarly journals The Impact of Severe Stalking Experienced by Acutely Battered Women: An Examination of Violence, Psychological Symptoms and Strategic Responding

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mindy B. Mechanic ◽  
Mary H. Uhlmansiek ◽  
Terri L. Weaver ◽  
Patricia A. Resick
Keyword(s):  
Battered Women ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Intimate Partner Abuse ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Strategic Responses ◽  
The Impact

Stalking has been relatively understudied compared to other dimensions of intimate partner violence. The purpose of this article was to examine concurrent and subsequent intimate partner abuse, strategic responses and symptomatic consequences of severe stalking experienced by battered women. Thirty-five battered women classified as “relentlessly stalked” and 31 infrequently stalked battered women were compared. Compared to infrequently stalked battered women, relentlessly stalked battered women reported: (a) more severe concurrent physical violence, sexual assault and emotional abuse: (b) increased post-separation assault and stalking; (c) increased rates of depression and PTSD; and (d) more extensive use of strategic responses to abuse. Results underscore the scope and magnitude of stalking faced by battered women and have implications for assessment and intervention strategies.

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