The Effect of Marquee Players on Sports Demand

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Todd Jewell
Keyword(s):  
First Year ◽  
Major League Soccer ◽  
Major League ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Salary Cap ◽  
Over Time

In 2007, Major League Soccer (MLS) changed its salary rules to allow teams to pay over the salary cap to sign high-priced talent. The first Designated Player was David Beckham. This study presents estimates of the influence of marquee players on MLS attendance using data from 2007 to 2012. The results indicate that few of the marquee signings drove higher attendance. Furthermore, these attendance effects tend to diminish over time. Specifically, only Beckham, Blanco, and Márquez generated excess fans in the games they played, with the largest effect in their first year. The results also give evidence of a superstar externality.

Much Adieu about Freddy: Freddy Adu and Attendance in Major League Soccer

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 438-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy D. DeSchriver
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
First Year ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Financial Perspective ◽  
Annual Salary ◽  
Major League Soccer ◽  
Major League ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between game-specific attendance in Major League Soccer (MLS) and the presence of Freddy Adu in matches during the 2004 season. A demand model for attendance during Adu’s first year in MLS was estimated using ordinary least squares and fixed-effects multiple-regression analysis. The regression equation explained 67% of the variation in game-specific attendance and 9 of the 22 explanatory variables were statistically significant at the .05 level. It was found that an additional 10,958 spectators attended games in which Freddy Adu was playing, holding all else constant. Furthermore, it was estimated that these additional spectators generated about $3.25 million in revenue from ticket, concession, and merchandise sales in the 2004 season. This amount is far greater than the $500,000 annual salary paid to Adu, and the findings support the claim that from a financial perspective the signing of the 14-year old Adu was highly beneficial to MLS.

Explaining Game-to-Game Ticket Sales for Major League Baseball Games Over Time

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 536-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise M. Beckman ◽  
Wenqiang Cai ◽  
Rebecca M. Esrock ◽  
Robert J. Lemke
Keyword(s):  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Ticket Sales ◽  
Home Team ◽  
Major League ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Uncertainty Of Outcome ◽  
Over Time

Using data from more than 10,000 games from 1985 through 2009, the authors estimate the effect various factors have on attendance at Major League Baseball (MLB) games. As previously found in the literature, interleague and interleague rivalry contests are associated with higher attendances, but this relationship has been weakening over time. Contrary to some of the literature, the authors find that the likelihood the home team will win the contest is inconsistently estimated over time, lending little support for the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis. Generally the effect on ticket sales from many potential factors has generally been weakening over time.

Salary differences under the salary cap in Major League Soccer

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 623-634
Author(s):  
Onur B Celik ◽  
Meltem Ince-Yenilmez
Keyword(s):  
Generalized Least Squares ◽  
National Team ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Birth Place ◽  
Major League Soccer ◽  
Major League ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Gls Estimation ◽  
Soccer Team ◽  
Salary Cap

Professional soccer is the world’s most popular sport; a number of National Leagues are under the control of National Associations. The economic theory behind soccer is the continuing competition to earn much more than other sports do in the sports market. Since the supply of talent is limited, teams’ demand for certain professionals is so strong that it leads to salary differences between players. Therefore, in this study, attention is given to the determinants of the differences in workers’ salaries in the Major League Soccer labor market using Generalized Least Squares (GLS) estimation on panel data from 2007 to 2016. Birth place is the most influential determinant of a player’s salary, along with a player’s position, a player’s age, whether the player has a national team duty, and the number of games in which the player started in the first eleven. Conversely, moving from one Major League Soccer team to another and the number of games played as a substitute have a negative effect on players’ salaries.

scholarly journals Variability in maturity and growth in a heavily exploited stock: cod (Gadus morhua L.) in the Irish Sea

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J Armstrong ◽  
H.D Gerritsen ◽  
M Allen ◽  
W.J McCurdy ◽  
J.A.D Peel
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Irish Sea ◽  
First Year ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Spawning Areas ◽  
The Irish Sea ◽  
Using Data ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Maturity, sex ratio (proportion female by number) and length-at-age of cod in the Irish Sea were examined using data collected during groundfish surveys in spring 1992–2002. Skewed sex ratios with a predominance of males were observed in the survey catches of 2- and 3-year-old cod taken on the spawning grounds. In contrast, commercial midwater trawl catches of cod in the same area had consistently higher sex ratios, suggesting that mature males and females have different vertical migration behaviour. Estimates of proportion mature were not affected by method of capture. In a GLM analysis, the factor age explained most of the variation in maturity in each sex, whilst length, although a significant factor, explained less variation than year and region (spawning and non-spawning grounds). Maturity was observed in a variable proportion of 2-year-olds, whilst virtually no 1-year-olds and all 3-year-olds and older were mature irrespective of area or year of capture. Population estimates of proportion mature in 2-year-olds, from all years' data combined, were 0.87 in males and 0.45 in females. Estimates were higher in spawning areas than in non-spawning areas, and showed a general increase over time throughout the survey area. However, in any year, the proportion mature at age 2 varied little with length and was reduced only in the smallest fish (<40 cm) at this age in some years. The increase over time in proportion mature coincided with rising sea surface temperature (SST) and a decline in recruitment and stock biomass at high rates of fishing mortality. Mean length-at-age differed consistently between year classes, the differences being largely established in the first year of life. The fastest growth rates were apparent in very weak year classes produced in the late 1990s when SST was relatively high. The interrelationships between growth, maturity, SST and abundance are examined, and changes in growth and maturity since earlier studies in the 1970s are investigated.

Card collection: An examination of whether yellow and red cards affect base salary under Major League Soccer’s salary cap

2021 ◽  
pp. 174795412110112
Author(s):  
Jenna Lussier ◽  
Jun Woo Kim ◽  
Marshall J Magnusen ◽  
Kyoung Tae Kim
Keyword(s):  
Major League Soccer ◽  
Major League ◽  
Base Salary ◽  
Salary Cap

We examine the effect of card (yellow and red) collection on player remuneration under the salary cap in Major League Soccer (MLS). The data contain 1478 observations of 731 players under contract between 2015 and 2019. Though the number of yellow cards a player collected had a significant impact, the number of red cards collected was not found to be a significant factor. On average, when a player has accumulated more than eight yellow cards over the course of the regular season, his salary was dropped substantially. If a player receives more than two red cards, his salary was decreased. A key result was that players who were aggressive without crossing the line to the point of being ejected from the field of play received comparatively higher salaries.

Correlating entrance data and first year academic performance of students enrolled in the Integrated Master in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Porto

2021 ◽  
pp. 030641902110156
Author(s):  
TMGP Duarte ◽  
AM Lopes ◽  
LFM da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Mechanical Engineering ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
First Year ◽  
Female Type ◽  
The University ◽  
First Year University ◽  
Over Time

Understanding how the academic performance of first year undergraduate students is influenced by home, personal and institutional factors is fundamental to delineate policies able to mitigate failure. This paper investigates possible correlations between the academic performance of students at the end of high school with their achievements at the end of first year university. Data for students in the Integrated Master in Mechanical Engineering (MIEM) program within the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Porto are analysed for the period 2016/2017 to 2019/2020. The students’ performance is measured by two metrics and the students are structured as a whole and by groups, according to their gender (Male/Female), type of secondary school (Public/Private), living place (Away/Home) and the rank of MIEM in their application list of options (Option 1/Option 2–6). The information is organized statistically and possible correlations between the data are investigated. The analysis reveals limited correlation between the two metrics, meaning that all students may exhibit good or poor results at the end of first year in MIEM, independent of their status at entrance. An unanticipated pattern is exhibited for the group Option 2–6, since it shows that, despite entering into MIEM without top application marks, the students in this group can perform as well as the others. This behavior is consistent over time.

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