Differences of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Topography Between Type-2 Diabetic Men and Healthy Controls

2002 ◽  
Vol 227 (9) ◽  
pp. 794-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renate Horejsi ◽  
Reinhard Möller ◽  
Thomas R. Pieber ◽  
Sandra Wallner ◽  
Karl Sudi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Body Fat Distribution ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Type 2 Dm ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

Men with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) provide a different subcutaneous body fat distribution and a concentration of fatness on the upper trunk compared with healthy subjects. However, subcutaneous fat distribution is always measured in an inaccurate and/or very simplified way (e.g., by caliper), and to date, there exists no study reporting on the exact and complete subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution of type 2 DM men. A new optical device, the LIPOMETER, enables the nonivasive, quick, and safe determination of the thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissue layers at any given site of the human body. The specification of 15 evenly distributed body sites allows the precise measurement of subcutaneous body fat distribution, so-called subcutaneous adipose tissue topography (SAT-Top). SAT-Tops of 21 men with clinically proven type 2 DM (mean age of 57.5 ± 6.7 years) and 111 healthy controls of similar age (mean age 59.0 ± 5.4 years) were measured. In this paper, we describe the precise SAT-Top differences of these two groups and we present the multidimensional SAT-Top information condensed in a two-dimensional factor value plot. In type 2 DM men, especially in the upper trunk, SAT-Top is significantly increased (up to +50.7% at the neck) compared with their healthy controls. One hundred eleven of the 132 individuals (84.1%) are correctly classified (healthy or type 2 DM) by their subcutaneous fat pattern by stepwise discriminant analysis.

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Pattern in Lean and Obese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

2003 ◽  
Vol 228 (6) ◽  
pp. 710-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Tafeit ◽  
R. Möller ◽  
S. Rackl ◽  
A. Giuliani ◽  
W. Urdl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Body Fat Distribution ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

The new optical device, Lipometer, permits the noninvasive, quick, safe, and precise measurement of the thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) layers at any given site of the human body. Fifteen anatomically well-defined body sites from neck to calf describe the SAT topography (SAT-Top) like an individual “fingerprint.” SAT-Top was examined in 33 women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), in 87 age-matched healthy controls and in 20 Type-II diabetic women. SAT-Top differences of these three groups were described, and, based on a hierarchical cluster analysis, two distinctly different groups of PCOS women, a lean (PCOSL) and an obese (PCOSO) cluster, were found. For visual comparison of the different types of body fat distribution, the 15-dimensional body fat information was condensed to a two-dimensional factor plot by factor analysis. For comparison of the PCOS like body fat distribution with the “healthy” fat pattern, the (previously published) SAT-Top results of 590 healthy women and men (20-70 years old) and 162 healthy girls and boys (7-11 years old) were added to the factor plot. PCOSO women showed a SAT-Top pattern very similar to that of women with Type-II diabetes, even though the diabetic women were on average 30 years older. Compared with their healthy controls, SAT-Top of these PCOSO patients was strongly skewed into the android direction, providing significantly decreased leg SAT development and significantly higher upper body obesity. Compared with healthy women, PCOSL patients had significantly lower total SAT development (even though height, weight, and body mass index did not deviate significantly), showing a slightly lowered amount of body fat in the upper region and a highly significant leg SAT reduction. This type of fat pattern is the same as found in girls and boys before developing their sex specific body fat distribution. We conclude that women with PCOS develop an android SAT-Top, but compared in more detail, we found two typical types of body fat distribution: the “childlike” SAT pattern in lean PCOS patients, and the “diabetic” body fat distribution in obese PCOS women.

scholarly journals Plexin D1 determines body fat distribution by regulating the type V collagen microenvironment in visceral adipose tissue

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (14) ◽  
pp. 4363-4368 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. N. Minchin ◽  
Ingrid Dahlman ◽  
Christopher J. Harvey ◽  
Niklas Mejhert ◽  
Manvendra K. Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Body Fat Distribution ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Type V ◽  
Visceral Adipose

Genome-wide association studies have implicated PLEXIN D1 (PLXND1) in body fat distribution and type 2 diabetes. However, a role for PLXND1 in regional adiposity and insulin resistance is unknown. Here we use in vivo imaging and genetic analysis in zebrafish to show that Plxnd1 regulates body fat distribution and insulin sensitivity. Plxnd1 deficiency in zebrafish induced hyperplastic morphology in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and reduced lipid storage. In contrast, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) growth and morphology were unaffected, resulting in altered body fat distribution and a reduced VAT:SAT ratio in zebrafish. A VAT-specific role for Plxnd1 appeared conserved in humans, as PLXND1 mRNA was positively associated with hypertrophic morphology in VAT, but not SAT. In zebrafish plxnd1 mutants, the effect on VAT morphology and body fat distribution was dependent on induction of the extracellular matrix protein collagen type V alpha 1 (col5a1). Furthermore, after high-fat feeding, zebrafish plxnd1 mutant VAT was resistant to expansion, and excess lipid was disproportionately deposited in SAT, leading to an even greater exacerbation of altered body fat distribution. Plxnd1-deficient zebrafish were protected from high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance, and human VAT PLXND1 mRNA was positively associated with type 2 diabetes, suggesting a conserved role for PLXND1 in insulin sensitivity. Together, our findings identify Plxnd1 as a novel regulator of VAT growth, body fat distribution, and insulin sensitivity in both zebrafish and humans.

scholarly journals Familial Partial Lipodystrophy: A Case Study and Review of Recent Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A308-A309
Author(s):  
Ali Tipu ◽  
Farhad Hasan ◽  
Michael Grimes
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Autosomal Dominant ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Metabolic Abnormalities ◽  
Partial Lipodystrophy ◽  
Type 2 Dm ◽  
Familial Partial Lipodystrophy ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

Abstract Introduction: Familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue, mainly from the extremities and gluteal region. FPLD is associated with a variety of metabolic abnormalities including severe hypertriglyceridemia (HTG), insulin resistance (IR), and hepatic steatosis. We present a case of FPLD and summarize recent literature on the metabolic features and their management in patients with this rare disease. Case: A 44 year old female with medical history of Type 2 DM, hypertension, hypothyroidism and recurrent pancreatitis from severe HTG was referred to our clinic. She was diagnosed with Type 2 DM in her 30s. Over the ensuing years she had significant IR requiring increasing doses of concentrated insulin (up to 250 units/day). She reported progressive loss of subcutaneous fat from extremities in the preceding 2–3 years. She had recurrent pancreatitis, including a recent hospitalization with TG>8000 mg/dL. On examination, she had typical features of FPLD including loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue from upper and lower extremities including gluteal region, visible skeletal muscles and veins in the extremities, and neck and truncal obesity (Fig. 1). Family history was significant for similar physical and metabolic manifestations in her father and brother. For HTG, she is treated with fibrates and high intensity statin. We avoided the use of fish oil in the patient, because she did not feel well when she was previously on this. Results of the genetic testing are pending. Discussion: FPLD is rare, predominantly autosomal dominant, disorder characterized phenotypically by variable loss of subcutaneous fat and metabolically by severe HTG and insulin resistance. The severity of metabolic derangements is proportional to the degree of the lipodystrophy. The proposed mechanism is limited capacity of adipose tissue to store fat leading to ectopic fat deposition, lipotoxicity and vascular inflammation. Diagnosis is often clinical, especially the loss of subcutaneous fat in the extremities and signs of IR, and is confirmed by genetic testing. Dunnigan syndrome is the most common type of FPLD, which occurs from an autosomal dominant missense mutation in lamin A/C (LMNA). Gene mutations encoding for PPAR-gamma, Akt2, CIDEC, perilipin and the ZMPSTE 24 enzyme are much less common. Treatment of FPLD is challenging, and mostly focuses on managing the metabolic abnormalities. Recent evidence suggests that fish oil may in fact worsen HTG when the main defect driving increased TG is impaired chylomicron clearance, which our patient had on lipid NMR profile. Metreleptin, a human leptin analog, has recently been approved for the management of FPLD with evidence of improved metabolic abnormalities. Recent data also suggests that GLP1 agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors improved glycemic control and reduced daily insulin requirements.

Interrelationships between changes in anthropometric variables and computed tomography indices of abdominal fat distribution in response to a 1-year physical activity–healthy eating lifestyle modification program in abdominally obese men

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Villeneuve ◽  
Emilie Pelletier-Beaumont ◽  
Julie-Anne Nazare ◽  
Isabelle Lemieux ◽  
Natalie Alméras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Visceral Adipose Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Lifestyle Modification Program ◽  
Visceral Adipose ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

The objectives were to (i) measure the effects of a 1-year lifestyle modification program on body fat distribution/anthropometric variables; (ii) determine the interrelationships between changes in all these variables; and (iii) investigate whether there is a selective reduction in deep (DSAT) vs. superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue (SSAT) at the abdominal level following a 1-year lifestyle modification program. Anthropometric variables, body composition and abdominal and midthigh fat distribution were assessed at baseline and after 1 year in 109 sedentary, dyslipidemic and abdominally obese men. Reductions in anthropometric variables, skinfold thicknesses (except the trunk/extremity ratio) and fat mass as well as an increase in fat-free mass were observed after 1 year (p < 0.0001). Decreases in abdominal adipose tissue volumes were also noted (–23%, –26%, –18%, –19%, –17%, p < 0.0001 for total adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue, subcutaneous adipose tissue, DSAT and SSAT, respectively). Adipose tissue areas at midthigh also decreased (–18%, –18%, –17%, p < 0.0001 for total, deep, and subcutaneous adipose tissue, respectively). A reduction (–9%, p < 0.0001) in low-attenuation muscle area and an increase (+1%, p < 0.05) in normal-attenuation muscle area were also observed. There was a positive relationship between changes in visceral adipose tissue and changes in DSAT (r = 0.65, p < 0.0001) or SSAT (r = 0.63, p < 0.0001). Although absolute changes in DSAT were greater than changes in SSAT, relative changes in both depots were similar, independent of changes in visceral adipose tissue. The 1-year lifestyle modification program therefore improved the body fat distribution pattern and midthigh muscle quality in abdominally obese men.

scholarly journals Ethnic differences in regional adipose tissue oestrogen receptor gene expression

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia H Goedecke ◽  
Mehreen Tootla ◽  
Dheshnie Keswell
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Body Fat Distribution ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Central Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

Studies have shown ethnic differences in body fat distribution, characterised by greater peripheral and less central fat accumulation in black compared to white South African (SA) women. As sex hormones play an important role in body fat distribution, our study aimed to determine whether differences in body fat distribution between black and white SA women were associated with subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) expression of oestrogen receptors (ERA and ERB) and aromatase (CYP19A1). Body fat distribution (DXA and CT) and ERA, ERB and CYP19A1 expression in abdominal and gluteal SAT were measured in 26 black and 22 white SA women. Abdominal SAT ERA and ERB did not differ by ethnicity or BMI. Gluteal ERA was higher (1.08 ± 0.06 vs 0.99 ± 0.05, P < 0.001) and ERB was lower (0.99 ± 0.06 vs 1.10 ± 0.07, P < 0.001) in black vs white SA women. CYP19A1 increased with obesity in all depots (P < 0.001). In both black and white SA women, gluteal ERA was associated with lower central fat mass (FM) and greater gynoid FM (P < 0.05), while the inverse association was shown for CYP19A1 in all depots (P < 0.01). In conclusion, ethnic differences in gluteal ERA expression were associated with differences in body fat distribution previously reported between black and white SA women.

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