Drawing the Line

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Fowler ◽  
Megan C. Kurlychek
Keyword(s):  
Selection Bias ◽  
Policy Change ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Model Specification ◽  
Criminal Courts ◽  
Juvenile Courts ◽  
Adult Court

Every state maintains some mechanism by which youths can be tried as adults in criminal courts. While scholars have long debated the inherent benefits or detriments of prosecuting youths as adults, empirical studies of actual outcomes have provided mixed findings and have been limited by problems of selection bias and jurisdictional differences in processing. The current research aims to further inform this literature by capitalizing on a policy change in Connecticut that raised the age of criminal responsibility from 16 to 17 on January 1, 2010, creating a natural experiment to assess the recidivism differences for youths based upon the system of processing: juvenile versus adult court. Findings from a 2-year follow-up reveal that 16-year-olds processed in juvenile courts had substantially reduced rates of recidivism with odds of rearrest that were between .462 and .630 less than for 16-year-olds processed in adult courts dependent on model specification.

Evaluation of Pedestrian Safety Education Programs for Young Children: A Review of Methodologies

1995 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Gillam ◽  
Mark Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Selection Bias ◽  
Pedestrian Safety ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Safety Education ◽  
Education Programs ◽  
School Based ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
Methodological Difficulties

A review of the research methodologies used to evaluate the effectiveness of pedestrian education programs for children is presented in this paper. Since pedestrian injuries are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among young children it is necessary to identify and evaluate interventions which will reduce the incidence and severity of these injuries. There are, however, many methodological difficulties to be overcome by researchers attempting to establish the merit of such programs. For example, selection bias in school-based programs, lack of strict criteria for follow-up of all subjects, and an inability to control for confounding because relevant variables are not rigorously monitored are just some of the methodological limitations. This paper identifies a number of limitations and aspects of evaluation which are of ten omitted and suggests ways in which these problems may be addressed in future research.

A Parens Patriae Figure or Impartial Fact Finder: Policy Questions and Conflicts for the Juvenile Court Judge

2001 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph B. Sanborn
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Court ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Probation Officers ◽  
Constitutional Rights ◽  
Juvenile Courts ◽  
Defense Attorneys ◽  
Court Judge ◽  
Proper Role ◽  
Adult Court ◽  
Parens Patriae

For several decades, juvenile courts functioned like clinics. Judges assigned there were instructed to assume a variety of roles: jurist, psychologist, counselor, sociologist, and parent. The In re Gault decision in 1967 granted juvenile defendants several constitutional rights that transformed juvenile courts into criminal court-like operations. Juvenile court judges have not been told whether they should continue to be paternal or emulate their counterparts in adult court; research has not addressed this subject. In this study, 100 juvenile court workers (judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, probation officers) from three juvenile courts (urban, suburban, rural) were interviewed to ascertain how judges operate in juvenile court and what these workers perceive to be the proper role for the judge. The data show that most workers believe that the role of the juvenile court judge is and should be unique.

What About Reuse? A Study on the Use of Open Educational Resources in Dutch Higher Education

Open Praxis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 527
Author(s):  
Marjon Baas ◽  
Robert Schuwer
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Open Educational Resources ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Qualitative Research Design ◽  
Follow Up Studies ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Context Specific

Extensive research has taken place over the years to examine the barriers of OER adoption, but little empirical studies has been undertaken to map the amount of OER reuse. The discussion around the actual use of OER, outside the context in which they were developed, remains ongoing. Previous studies have already shown that searching and evaluating resources are barriers for actual reuse. Hence, in this quantitative survey study we explored teachers’ practices with resources in Higher Education Institutes in the Netherlands. The survey had three runs, each in a different context, with a total of 439 respondents. The results show that resources that are hard or time-consuming to develop are most often reused from third parties without adaptations. Resources that need to be more context specific are often created by teachers themselves. To improve our understanding of reuse, follow-up studies must explore reuse with a more qualitative research design in order to explore how these hidden practices of dark reuse look like and how teachers and students benefit of it.

Challenges to Criminalizing State Responsibility for Genocide

Postgenocide ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 33-62
Author(s):  
Kevin Aquilina
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
State Responsibility ◽  
Criminal Courts ◽  
Judicial Authority ◽  
Corporate Criminal Liability ◽  
Individual Criminal Responsibility

This chapter shows that although often states are parties in a genocide enterprise, the centrality—and responsibility—of states for genocide does not receive attention commensurate with the severity of the problem. Indeed, genocidal states are not held criminally responsibility for genocide. Underscoring difficulties at proving state criminal responsibility for genocide, the analysis compares and contrasts individual criminal responsibility and state criminal responsible for genocide. Whereas in the former case the matter has been dealt with by domestic and international criminal courts and tribunals, in the latter case there is no international judicial authority which can try states for criminal responsibility. However, non-state corporate criminal liability, and evolution of this institute in international law, may provide some transferable lessons for state responsibility for genocide. The chapter highlights the nexus between individual responsibility and state responsibility, and the failures of international genocide law in establishing state responsibility for genocide.

Doing more than Just Acknowledging Attrition at Follow-Up: A Comment on Lu, Cheng, and Chen (2013)

2014 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Amireault
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Theory Of Planned Behavior ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Selection Bias ◽  
Scientific Paper ◽  
Prospective Design ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Behavioral Outcome ◽  
Study Results

Lu, Cheng, and Chen (2013) faced one of the most common challenges encountered in longitudinal studies: follow-up attrition. Using a correlational prospective design, 464 volunteers completed a questionnaire that measured the constructs of the theory of planned behavior, and subsequently 154 of them provided physical activity data at a 6-month follow-up. The proportion of participants (66.8%) for whom the investigators were not able to gather information on the behavioral outcome at follow-up may reflect a form of selection bias that may affect both the validity and generalizability of study results. Lu, et al.'s (2013) study is used here to explore the implication of follow-up attrition on the results and inference, to review what information should be reported in a scientific paper in such situations, and to give practical tips to handle follow-up attrition.

scholarly journals Human Trafficking, Vulnerability and the State

2019 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahrzad Fouladvand ◽  
Tony Ward
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
The State ◽  
Vulnerable Subjects ◽  
Vulnerability Theory ◽  
Trafficking Victims ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Do So

This article looks at human trafficking from a perspective influenced by the ‘vulnerability theory’ developed by Martha Fineman and her associates. It draws particularly on empirical studies of human trafficking from Albania to the UK and elsewhere. It suggests that Fineman’s approach needs to be modified to see the state not only as ameliorating vulnerability, or failing to do so, but as actively creating and using vulnerability to control or exploit its population. The fact that people are placed, for political, social and economic reasons, in situations of heightened vulnerability does not of itself deprive them of agency or responsibility. People should, however, be understood as ‘vulnerable subjects’ whose capacity for autonomy may be lost when they are deprived of supportive social relationships. The implications of this view for the criminal responsibility of trafficking victims are explored.

English as a Lingua Franca in Mainland China: An Analysis of Intercultural Business Communicative Competence

2020 ◽  
pp. 232948841989822
Author(s):  
Yao Yao ◽  
Bertha Du-Babcock
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Communicative Competence ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Business Communication ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Intercultural Communicative Competence ◽  
Business Professionals ◽  
Chinese Business

China’s rapid expanding its collaboration with the rest of the world entails an urgent need of numerous talents with excellent intercultural communicative competence. Past research has shown that limited empirical studies are available on intercultural communicative competence in business contexts of Mainland China. To bridge the gap, the present study aims to explore what competencies are obligatory for successful intercultural business communication by examining the perceptions of Chinese business professionals on this issue. Adopting the triangulated research method, the present study employs both quantitative and qualitative data to ascertain a better understanding of the issues in question and to corroborate the results obtained from these two research methods. Two hundred and twenty-seven ( N = 227) Chinese business professionals filled in the online questionnaires and 11 of them participated in follow-up interviews. Our findings indicate that intercultural business communicative competence (IBCC) consists of four obligatory components: three in relation to cultural ability (metacognitive intelligence, motivational intelligence, and behavioral intelligence) and one to language ability (strategic competence). Based on our findings, we present a model of IBCC with implications to theory, practice, and education for intercultural business communication.

A follow-up of the introduction of a maximum entitlement period for receiving sickness benefits in Sweden: A nationwide register-based study

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-154
Author(s):  
Marjan Vaez ◽  
Ola Leijon ◽  
Anders Wikman ◽  
Tora Nord ◽  
Ulrik Lidwall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Policy Change ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Group 14 ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sickness Benefits ◽  
High Educational

In 2008, Sweden introduced a policy change to limit the number of days for sickness benefits (SB). This study aimed to elucidate the characteristics of those who reached the maximum entitlement period for receiving sickness benefits (MEPSB) and their future main source of income. Methods: All 5,309,759 individuals, aged 20–63 and residents of Sweden in 2009 were followed from July 2008 to July 2010 regarding SB-days and date of MEPSB and then categorised into three groups: I) no SB-days, II) ongoing SB-days, and III) MEPSB. Mean numbers of SB-days 2.5 years before and 2 years after the policy change and main source of income in 2011 were assessed. Associations between sociodemographic factors, occupation and paid work as main source of income were estimated by odds ratio (OR). Results: A total of 0.7% reached MEPSB in 2010. The mean numbers of SB-days before and after the policy change were higher in the MEPSB group than in the other two groups. In the MEPSB group, 14% had their main source of income from paid work in 2011; this was more common among women born in Sweden (OR = 1.29), people living with a partner and children (women OR = 1.29; men OR = 1.48), and those with occupations representing high educational levels. Conclusions: One out of seven individuals with MEPSB in 2010 had their main source of income from paid work in 2011, although they had a long-term SB before and after the policy change. Further research is warranted to address the long-term effects of this policy change.

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