The Ergonomic Impact of Swype

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1374-1378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibukun A. Sonaike ◽  
Tosin A. Bewaji ◽  
Paul Ritchey ◽  
S. Camille Peres
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Touch Screen ◽  
Dynamic Activity ◽  
Extensor Muscles ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Touch Screen Devices ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Biomechanical Strain

Background:Shape writing is relatively new technology for on-screen keyboards that enable users of mobile touch-screen devices to input text by drawing continuous lines. With growth of touch-screen device usage, there has risen the need to investigate potential risks that may occur during prolonged usage. Objective: The biomechanical strain on upper limb muscles were assessed while study-participants used Swype technology on a tablet touch screen device and compared with traditional/regular input methods. Methods: Study-participants performed typing tasks (email and text) using Swype and regular input methods under counterbalanced conditions with sEMG data collected to measure muscle activity during tasks. Results: Email & Text had the same exertion for all muscles except the Extensor. The interaction between task and muscle was significant, F (1.6, 27.5) = 15.39, p < .001, ηp2 = 0.48. The interaction between muscle, task and method was also significant, F (2.19, 37.19) = 3.6, p = 0.03, ηp2= 0.18. Exertion was lower for Swype but with marginal significance. Overall, Email resulted in less dynamic activity than Text with Main effects F(1, 17) = 10.07, p = 0.006, ηp2 = 0.37. Extensor has more dynamic activity than other muscles with main effect F(1.8, 29.9) = 16.51, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.49. Conclusion: Results indicate that Swype presents no more biomechanical strain than regular input for most muscles. Swype may result in less exertion for the Extensor muscles in the lower arm. This may be particularly true for tasks requiring interactions like those found in the email task.

scholarly journals How emotional are emoji?: Exploring the effect of emotional valence on the processing of emoji stimuli.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Katherine Kaye ◽  
Sara Rodríguez-Cuadrado ◽  
Stephanie A. Malone ◽  
Helen Joanne Wall ◽  
Elizabeth Gaunt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Lexical Decision Task ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Extended Version ◽  
Main Study ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Everyday Communication

Emoji are vastly becoming an integral part of everyday communication, yet little is understood about the extent to which these are processed emotionally. Previous research shows that there is a processing advantage for emotionally-valenced words over neutral ones, therefore if emoji are indeed emotional, one could expect an equivalent processing advantage. In the Pilot Study, participants (N = 44) completed a lexical decision task to ascertain accuracy and response latency of word, face and emoji stimuli. This stimuli varied in emotional valence (positive vs. neutral). Main effects were found for stimuli type and valence on both accuracy and latency, although the interaction for accuracy was not significant. That is there were processing advantages of positively-valenced stimuli over neutral ones, across all stimuli types. Also that faces and emoji were processed significantly more quickly than words. Also, latencies between face and emoji stimuli, irrespective of valence were largely equivalent. The Main Study recruited 33 participants to undertake a modified and extended version of the lexical decision task, which included three valence conditions (positive, negative and neutral) per stimuli type. Although no main effects were found for accuracy, there was a significant main effect found for stimuli but for valence on latency. Namely, that word stimuli irrespective of valence were processed significantly more slowly than face or emoji stimuli. There was not a significant interaction between stimuli and valence, however. Therefore, overall although there was partial support for a processing advantage of emoji stimuli, this was not replicated across the studies reported here, suggesting additional work may be needed to corroborate further evidence.

scholarly journals Effects of kinship correction on inflation of genetic interaction statistics in commonly used mouse populations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna L Tyler ◽  
Baha El Kassaby ◽  
Georgi Kolishovski ◽  
Jake Emerson ◽  
Ann E Wells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Genetic Interaction ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Kinship Matrix ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Interaction Test

Abstract It is well understood that variation in relatedness among individuals, or kinship, can lead to false genetic associations. Multiple methods have been developed to adjust for kinship while maintaining power to detect true associations. However, relatively unstudied, are the effects of kinship on genetic interaction test statistics. Here we performed a survey of kinship effects on studies of six commonly used mouse populations. We measured inflation of main effect test statistics, genetic interaction test statistics, and interaction test statistics reparametrized by the Combined Analysis of Pleiotropy and Epistasis (CAPE). We also performed linear mixed model (LMM) kinship corrections using two types of kinship matrix: an overall kinship matrix calculated from the full set of genotyped markers, and a reduced kinship matrix, which left out markers on the chromosome(s) being tested. We found that test statistic inflation varied across populations and was driven largely by linkage disequilibrium. In contrast, there was no observable inflation in the genetic interaction test statistics. CAPE statistics were inflated at a level in between that of the main effects and the interaction effects. The overall kinship matrix overcorrected the inflation of main effect statistics relative to the reduced kinship matrix. The two types of kinship matrices had similar effects on the interaction statistics and CAPE statistics, although the overall kinship matrix trended toward a more severe correction. In conclusion, we recommend using a LMM kinship correction for both main effects and genetic interactions and further recommend that the kinship matrix be calculated from a reduced set of markers in which the chromosomes being tested are omitted from the calculation. This is particularly important in populations with substantial population structure, such as recombinant inbred lines in which genomic replicates are used.

scholarly journals A Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART) study of medication and CBT sequencing in the treatment of pediatric anxiety disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley S. Peterson ◽  
Amy E. West ◽  
John R. Weisz ◽  
Wendy J. Mack ◽  
Michele D. Kipke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Randomized Trial ◽  
The Other ◽  
Smart Study ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Multiple Assignment ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Treatment Sequences

Abstract Background Treatment of a child who has an anxiety disorder usually begins with the question of which treatment to start first, medication or psychotherapy. Both have strong empirical support, but few studies have compared their effectiveness head-to-head, and none has investigated what to do if the treatment tried first isn’t working well—whether to optimize the treatment already begun or to add the other treatment. Methods This is a single-blind Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART) of 24 weeks duration with two levels of randomization, one in each of two 12-week stages. In Stage 1, children will be randomized to fluoxetine or Coping Cat Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). In Stage 2, remitters will continue maintenance-level therapy with the single-modality treatment received in Stage 1. Non-remitters during the first 12 weeks of treatment will be randomized to either [1] optimization of their Stage 1 treatment, or [2] optimization of Stage 1 treatment and addition of the other intervention. After the 24-week trial, we will follow participants during open, naturalistic treatment to assess the durability of study treatment effects. Patients, 8–17 years of age who are diagnosed with an anxiety disorder, will be recruited and treated within 9 large clinical sites throughout greater Los Angeles. They will be predominantly underserved, ethnic minorities. The primary outcome measure will be the self-report score on the 41-item youth SCARED (Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders). An intent-to-treat analysis will compare youth randomized to fluoxetine first versus those randomized to CBT first (“Main Effect 1”). Then, among Stage 1 non-remitters, we will compare non-remitters randomized to optimization of their Stage 1 monotherapy versus non-remitters randomized to combination treatment (“Main Effect 2”). The interaction of these main effects will assess whether one of the 4 treatment sequences (CBT➔CBT; CBT➔med; med➔med; med➔CBT) in non-remitters is significantly better or worse than predicted from main effects alone. Discussion Findings from this SMART study will identify treatment sequences that optimize outcomes in ethnically diverse pediatric patients from underserved low- and middle-income households who have anxiety disorders. Trial registration This protocol, version 1.0, was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov on February 17, 2021 with Identifier: NCT04760275.

scholarly journals Older Adults-Friendly Multi-Modal Touch-Screen Platform Measures for Bilingual Cognitive Interventions

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 816-816
Author(s):  
W Quin Yow ◽  
Tharshini Lokanathan ◽  
Hui-Ching Chen
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Cognitive Training ◽  
Touch Screen ◽  
Cognitive Intervention ◽  
Cognitive Interventions ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Poor Comprehension ◽  
Touch Screen Devices

Abstract There is an increasing interest in using touch-screen devices to conduct cognitive training and collect measurements of cognitive performance. However, older adults often have concerns such as anxiety about using these systems and poor comprehension of language instructions (Czaja & Lee, 2007). Given that Singapore is a multilingual society, we examined the deployment of an age-friendly multi-modal touch-screen platform (a game-based application on a tablet) in a cognitive intervention research. After modification of the platform to include features such as simplified instructions, multi-level prompts with a local accent, and four different instructional languages (including local dialects), participants were less reliant on the researchers and reported fewer difficulties in comprehending the instructions. The integrity and reliability of the data collected improved as a result. In sum, multilingual age-friendly touch-screen platform can be a novel yet effective method to study cognitive interventions in the Asian older adult populations.

scholarly journals Effect of Frozen Storage on Polyphenol Oxidase, Antioxidant Content, and Color of Pawpaw (Asimina Triloba [L.] Dunal) Fruit Pulp

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G Brannan ◽  
Gai Wang
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Polyphenol Oxidase ◽  
Frozen Storage ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Browning Index ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Main Effects

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity values for pawpaw pulp during frozen storage were measured for the main effect of month of storage at three levels (0, 4, 8 months) and treatment at four levels (vacuum, air, ascorbic acid or n-acetylcysteine). A significant effect of treatment was observed in PPO activity (p<0.001). Post hoc analysis revealed no significant difference between samples that were vacuum packaged and those for which no attempt to exclude air was made. The addition of the two chemical browning inhibitors significantly lowered PPO activity. Ascorbic acid exhibited a significant 69% reduction in PPO activity compared to vacuum and air samples and n-acetylcysteine was significantly more effective than ascorbic acid and almost completely inhibited PPO activity compared to the vacuum and air samples. CIELAB tristimulous color values (L*, a*, b*) were used to generate the applied color values total color difference (DE), browning index, hue and chroma in pawpaw pulp for the two main effects. Analysis of variance for the main effects showed significance for all seven color attributes at p<0.001. For the main effect of storage time, ANOVA showed significance during storage for all seven color attributes at p<0.001, indicating that there were color changes during storage. Pawpaw pulp samples at 8 months of storage were significantly darker (lower L*), more yellow (higher b*), more vivid (higher chroma), and had a higher browning index than the samples at 0 or 4 months of storage. For the main effect of treatment, ascorbic acid and n-acetylcysteine treatment produced pawpaw pulp that was significantly different than samples to which air was not excluded for all seven dependent color variables. Specifically, n-acetylcysteine and ascorbic acid produced pulp that was lighter (higher L*), less red (lower a*), and more yellow (higher b* and hue), more vivid (higher chroma), and exhibited more color difference (higher DE). A strategy to inhibit enzymatic browning during frozen storage would be useful for the nascent pawpaw industry.

Nine, Seven, Five, or Three: How Many Figures Do We Need for Assessing Body Image?

2005 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 488-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neala Ambrosi-Randić ◽  
Alessandra Pokrajac-Bulian ◽  
Vladimir Takšić
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects

320 Croatian female students ( M = 20.4 yr.) were recruited to examine the validity and reliability of figural scales using different numbers of stimuli (3, 5, 7, and 9) and different serial presentation (serial and nonserial order). A two-way analysis of variance (4 numbers × 2 orders of stimuli) was performed on ratings of current self-size and ideal size as dependent variables. Analysis indicated a significant main effect of number of stimuli. This, together with post hoc tests indicated that ratings were significantly different for a scale of three figures from scales of more figures, which in turn did not differ among themselves. Main effects of order of stimuli, as well as the interaction, were not significant. The results support the hypothesis that the optimal number of figures on a scale is seven plus (or minus) two.

scholarly journals Mobile communication for Intellectually Challenged people: A proposed set of requirements for interface design on touch screen devices

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zelai Saenz de Urturi Breton ◽  
Fernando Jorge Hernandez ◽  
Amaia Mendez Zorrilla ◽  
Begonya Garcia Zapirain
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Communication ◽  
Interface Design ◽  
Touch Screen ◽  
Touch Screen Devices

scholarly journals Effects of symmetry and familiarity on the attractiveness of human faces

Psihologija ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Mentus ◽  
Slobodan Markovic
Keyword(s):  
Facial Attractiveness ◽  
Cognitive Factor ◽  
Perceptual Factor ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Perfect Symmetry ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Human Faces ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Unfamiliar Faces ◽  
Font Color

The effects of both symmetry (perceptual factor) and familiarity (cognitive factor) on facial attractiveness were investigated. From the photographs of original slightly asymmetric faces, symmetric left-left (LL) and right-right (RR) versions were generated. Familiarity was induced in the learning block using the repetitive presentation of original faces. In the test block participants rated the attractiveness of original, previously seen (familiar) faces, original, not previously seen faces, and both LL and RR versions of all faces. The analysis of variance showed main effects of symmetry. Post hoc tests revealed that asymmetric original faces were rated as more attractive than both LL and RR symmetric versions. Familiarity doesn?t have a significant main effect, but the symmetry-familiarity interaction was obtained. Additional post hoc tests indicated that facial attractiveness is positively associated with natural slight asymmetry rather than with perfect symmetry. Also, unfamiliar LL symmetric versions were rated as more attractive than familiar LL versions, whereas familiar RR versions were rated as more attractive than RR unfamiliar faces. These results suggested that symmetry (perceptual factor) and familiarity (cognitive or memorial factor) play differential roles in facial attractiveness, and indicate a relatively stronger effect of the perceptual compared to the cognitive factor. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. ON179018 i br. ON179033] <br><br><font color="red"><b> This article has been corrected. Link to the correction <u><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/PSI1701101E">10.2298/PSI1701101E</a><u></b></font>

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