Bicycle Crank Length

An experiment was conducted varying bicycle crank length as a ratio of cyclist's crotch height over a range from 0.17 to 0.23. A light and a heavy load were used with ten young male subjects. Heart rate, oxygen consumption and perceived exertion measures were taken during bicycle ergometer pedaling sessions. All measures showed the superiority of a crank length of about 0.20 of crotch height (0.10 of standing height). A change of crank length of three percentage points of crotch height increases energy expenditure by one kcal/minute. The standard crank is too long for 60% of adult males and almost 100% of females. Varied crank lengths or adjustable cranks should be made available.

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Body Composition (% Fat) and Heat Stress of Well Conditioned Young Adult Males

Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/154193128202600616 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 561-564

Author(s):

Michael W. Riley ◽

David J. Cochran ◽

Arthur J. Soundy

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Oxygen Consumption ◽

Young Adult ◽

Skin Temperature ◽

Body Fat ◽

Bicycle Ergometer ◽

The Body ◽

Lean Body Weight ◽

Adult Males ◽

Young Adult Males

The physiological responses of heart rate, oxygen consumption, sweat loss, rectal temperature and mean skin temperature were monitored as eight well-conditioned young adult males were exposed to effective temperatures of 70°F, 80°F and 90°F. The body fat contents of the subjects ranged from 11.3% to 34%. The subjects pedalled a 300 kilopond meters/minute load on a bicycle ergometer for 25 minutes. Results indicate that body fat or the percent of body fat squared have a statistically significant effect on the dependent variables of oxygen consumption/lean body weight, change in heart rate, core-skin temperature gradient, and oxygen consumption/maximum oxygen consumption.

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Decrease of maximum work performance following ozone exposure

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1977.42.4.531 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 531-536 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

L. J. Folinsbee ◽

F. Silverman ◽

R. J. Shepard

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Oxygen Consumption ◽

Work Performance ◽

Intermittent Exercise ◽

Random Sequence ◽

Work Load ◽

Bicycle Ergometer ◽

Ozone Exposure ◽

Adult Males ◽

Maximum Exercise

A bicycle ergometer was used to measure maximum exercise oxygen consumption following 2 h of intermittent exercise in an environmental chamber ventilated with air (FA test) or filtered air plus 0.75 ppm ozone (PO test). Thirteen adult males performed both tests according to a random sequence. The maximum attained VO2 declined 10% (P less than 0.01), maximum attained work load was reduced by 10% (P less than 0.01), maximum ventilation decreased 16% (P less than 0.01), and maximum heart rate dropped 6% (P less than 0.05) in the PO test. At the highest common work load, heart rate and oxygen consumption were similar and ventilation was slightly higher (P less than 0.05); however, frequency of respiration increased 45% (P less than 0.01) and tidal voluem fell by 29% (P less than 0.01) following ozone exposure. During maximum exercise, the respiratory frequency was similar in both tests, but tidal volume was 21% lower (P less than 0.01) in PO experiments. Decreases in vital capacity and FEV1.0 as well as cough and chest discomfort were also noted following ozone exposure. We conclude that the reduction of maximum attained VO2 is a consequence of ventilatory limitation of maximum effort, probably related to respiratory discomfort.

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Circulatory and ventilatory effects of exercise in smokers and nonsmokers

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1963.18.2.357 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 357-360 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Robert B. Chevalier ◽

John A. Bowers ◽

Stuart Bondurant ◽

Joseph C. Ross

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Maximal Exercise ◽

Young Male ◽

Bicycle Ergometer ◽

Debt Accumulation ◽

Ventilatory Responses ◽

Ventilatory Effects ◽

Ergometer Test ◽

Male Subjects ◽

Bicycle Ergometer Test

To evaluate the effects of cigarette smoking on some of the circulatory and ventilatory responses to exercise, a group of young male subjects, 18 smokers and 14 nonsmokers, was studied. Exercise consisted of a standard 5-min bicycle ergometer test that achieved a mean O2 uptake of 1.44 liters/ min in the 5th min of exercise. There was no difference between smokers and nonsmokers in the O2 uptake achieved during subsequent maximal exercise. Pulmonary function studies performed on the two groups revealed normal results for each group. There was an oxygen debt accumulation among smokers that was significantly greater ( P < 0.001) and this debt represented a greater per cent of the total O2 uptake. The heart rate at rest and 3 min after exercise in smokers was significantly faster ( P < 0.02). These differences do not appear to be related to ventilatory factors and may, therefore, be due to either circulatory or metabolic differences in the two groups. Submitted on August 17, 1962

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Making the Grade: An Exploration of Incline Running on a Bodyweight-Supportive Treadmill

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.2020-0343 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Megan Wagner ◽

Kevin D. Dames

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Oxygen Consumption ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Treadmill Running ◽

Metabolic Effects ◽

Metabolic Demand ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Cross Sectional

Context: Bodyweight-supporting treadmills are popular rehabilitation tools for athletes recovering from impact-related injuries because they reduce ground reaction forces during running. However, the overall metabolic demand of a given running speed is also reduced, meaning athletes who return to competition after using such a device in rehabilitation may not be as fit as they had been prior to their injury. Objective: To explore the metabolic effects of adding incline during bodyweight-supported treadmill running. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Research laboratory. Participants: Fourteen apparently healthy, recreational runners (6 females and 8 males; 21 [3] y, 1.71 [0.08] m, 63.11 [6.86] kg). Interventions: The participants performed steady-state running trials on a bodyweight-supporting treadmill at 8.5 mph. The control condition was no incline and no bodyweight support. All experimental conditions were at 30% bodyweight support. The participants began the sequence of experimental conditions at 0% incline; this increased to 1%, and from there on, 2% incline increases were introduced until a 15% grade was reached. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare all bodyweight-support conditions against the control condition. Main Outcome Measures: Oxygen consumption, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion. Results: Level running with 30% bodyweight support reduced oxygen consumption by 21.6% (P < .001) and heart rate by 12.0% (P < .001) compared with the control. Each 2% increase in incline with bodyweight support increased oxygen consumption by 6.4% and heart rate by 3.2% on average. A 7% incline elicited similar physiological measures as the unsupported, level condition. However, the perceived intensity of this incline with bodyweight support was greater than the unsupported condition (P < .001). Conclusions: Athletes can maintain training intensity while running on a bodyweight-supporting treadmill by introducing incline. Rehabilitation programs should rely on quantitative rather than qualitative data to drive exercise prescription in this modality.

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Fibrinolytic and hemostatic changes during and after maximal exercise in males

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1976.40.3.287 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 287-292 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

G. L. Davis ◽

C. F. Abildgaard ◽

E. M. Bernauer ◽

M. Britton

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Factor Viii ◽

Fibrinolytic Activity ◽

Work Load ◽

Bicycle Ergometer ◽

Maximal Heart Rate ◽

Relative Level ◽

Maximum Exercise ◽

Activity Factor ◽

Male Subjects

To evaluate changes in fibrinolytic activity, factor VIII and other hematological variables during and after a progressive step increment in work load, 10 healthy male subjects (22–27 yr of age) were exercised to exhaustion on an electromagnetic bicycle ergometer. Blood samples were drawn serially throughout the experiment. Little change in fibrinolytic activity was observed before 70–80% maximum heart rate (MHR) was achieved. Major changes occurred after 80% MHR. Peak values coincided with maximum exercise. In contrast major changes in factor VIII were observed between 95 and 100% MHR with peak values occurring 5–10 min postexercise. An increase in white blood cell count, platelet count, and retention was observed at maximum exercise. One individual failed to demonstrate an increase in either fibrinolytic or factor VIII activity. Relating the data to either the percent maximal oxygen uptake or percent maximal heart rate demonstrates the importance of the exercise protocol and exerting all subjects to the same relative level of physiological work.

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Does the musical tempo enhance physical performance?

Psychology of Music ◽

10.1177/0305735620904777 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 030573562090477

Author(s):

Jorge A Aburto-Corona ◽

J A de Paz ◽

José Moncada-Jiménez ◽

Bryan Montero-Herrera ◽

Luis M Gómez-Miranda

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Young Adults ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Physical Performance ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Young Male ◽

Constant Speed ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Male And Female ◽

Musical Tempo

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the musical tempo on heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and distance run (DR) during a treadmill aerobic test in young male and female adults. Participants ran on the treadmill listening to music at 140 beats per minute (bpm; M140), 120 bpm (M120), or without music (NM). No significant sex differences were found on HR (M140 = 172.6 ± 12.7, M120 = 171.9 ± 11.1, NM = 170.1 ± 12.2 bpm, p = .312), RPE (M140 = 7.5 ± 1.4, M120 = 7.6 ± 1.3, NM = 7.6 ± 1.2, p = .931), or DR (M140 = 4,791.4 ± 2,681.1, M120 = 4,900.0 ± 2,916.9, NM = 4,356.1 ± 2,571.2 m, p = .715). Differences were found in the effect of tempo on HR between condition M140 and NM (172.6 ± 12.7 vs. 170.1 ± 12.2 bpm, p = .044, η2 = 0.32). In conclusion, musical tempo does not affect performance, physiological, or perceptual variables in young adults exercising on a treadmill at a constant speed.

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Comparison of Subjective Workout Intensities between Aquatic and Land-based Running in Healthy Young Males: A Pilot Study

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina56040151 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 151

Author(s):

Chang-Hyung Lee ◽

Jun Hwan Choi ◽

Soo-Yeon Kim

Keyword(s):

Linear Relationship ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Initial Period ◽

Young Male ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Treadmill Test ◽

Young Males ◽

Specific Manner ◽

Exercise Treadmill ◽

Male Subjects

Background and objectives: Aquatic exercises have demonstrated several advantages over land-based exercise, but only a few studies have compared the workout intensities and efficiencies in a stage-specific manner. This study aimed to investigate workout intensity during aquatic and land-based running, based on the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Materials and Methods: Twenty healthy young male subjects underwent a land-based running test (LRT) and an aquatic running test (ART), in the form of a cardiopulmonary exercise treadmill test and a shallow-water running test. The seven stages of the ART were composed of 3 minutes each of the Bruce protocol performed during the LRT. In the ART, the participants were instructed to run in a swimming pool with matching RPE to that obtained at each stage of the LRT. Results: Heart rate (HR) during both LRT and ART exhibited a linear relationship (r = 0.997 and 0.996, respectively; p < 0.001). During the initial and middle period, HR was higher in the ART than in the LRT. However, in the final period, HR was higher in the LRT than in the ART. Conclusions: In aquatic exercises based on the RPE obtained from the LRT, HR exhibited a linear relationship in both the ART and the LRT. The ART appears to increase cardiac loading more efficiently in the initial period and does not increase cardiac loading abruptly at a later period. Although there is no precise, objective, controlled parameter to compare the ART and the LRT, the RPE may be used as a convenient measurement for workout intensity in aquatic running.

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The Effects of Self-Presentation on Perceived Exertion

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology ◽

10.1123/jsep.10.3.270 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 270-280 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Stephen H. Boutcher ◽

Lori A. Fleischer-Curtian ◽

Scott D. Gines

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Cycle Ergometer ◽

The Self ◽

Heavy Load ◽

Self Monitoring ◽

Self Presentation ◽

Male And Female ◽

Male Experimenter ◽

Female Experimenter

This study was designed to examine the audience-pleasing and self-constructional aspects of self-presentation on perceived exertion. Subjects performed two 18-min sessions on a cycle ergometer at light, moderate, and heavy workloads, during which perceived exertion and heart rate were collected. Each subject participated in a male and female experimenter condition. Males reported significantly lower perceived exertion in the female experimenter condition at the heavy load, compared to the same load in the male experimenter condition. There were no other significant differences for males or females at any of the workloads in either condition. Responses on the Self-Monitoring Inventory were used to assign subjects to either a high or low self-construction group. Results indicated that high self-constructors recorded significantly lower perceived exertion, compared to low self-constructors, at the low and moderate workloads.

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