Roles of Lesioned and Nonlesioned Hemispheres in Reaching Performance Poststroke

Background. Severe poststroke arm impairment is associated with greater activation of the nonlesioned hemisphere during movement of the affected arm. The circumstances under which this activation may be adaptive or maladaptive remain unclear. Objective. To identify the functional relevance of key lesioned and nonlesioned hemisphere motor areas to reaching performance in patients with mild versus severe arm impairment. Methods. A total of 20 participants with chronic stroke performed a reaching response time task with their affected arm. During the reaction time period, a transient magnetic stimulus was applied over the primary (M1) or dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) of either hemisphere, and the effect of the perturbation on movement time (MT) was calculated. Results. For perturbation of the nonlesioned hemisphere, there was a significant interaction effect of Site of perturbation (PMd vs M1) by Group (mild vs severe; P < .001). Perturbation of PMd had a greater effect on MT in the severe versus the mild group. This effect was not observed with perturbation of M1. For perturbation of the lesioned hemisphere, there was a main effect of site of perturbation ( P < .05), with perturbation of M1 having a greater effect on MT than PMd. Conclusions. These results demonstrate that, in the context of reaching movements, the role of the nonlesioned hemisphere depends on both impairment severity and the specific site that is targeted. A deeper understanding of these individual-, task-, and site-specific factors is essential for advancing the potential usefulness of neuromodulation to enhance poststroke motor recovery.

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Conditional Giving: The Role of Conflict Specific Factors on Willingness to Sacrifice

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e586142007-001 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

Brent A. Mattingly ◽

Eddie M. Clark ◽

Kiara J. Weaver ◽

Tim M. Emge ◽

Chris K. Adair

Keyword(s):

Specific Factors ◽

Willingness To Sacrifice

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Physical capital stock, technological upgrading and modernisation in Hungary

Acta Oeconomica ◽

10.1556/aoecon.55.2005.2.4 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 201-221 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Andrea Szalavetz

Keyword(s):

Capital Accumulation ◽

Physical Capital ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Point Of View ◽

Technology Generation ◽

Development Policies ◽

Specific Factors ◽

Physical Capital Accumulation

This paper discusses the relation between the quality and quantity indicators of physical capital and modernisation. While international academic literature emphasises the role of intangible factors enabling technology generation and absorption rather than that of physical capital accumulation, this paper argues that the quantity and quality of physical capital are important modernisation factors, particularly in the case of small, undercapitalised countries that recently integrated into the world economy. The paper shows that in Hungary, as opposed to developed countries, the technological upgrading of capital assets was not necessarily accompanied by the upgrading of human capital i.e. the thesis of capital skill complementarity did not apply to the first decade of transformation and capital accumulation in Hungary. Finally, the paper shows that there are large differences between the average technological levels of individual industries. The dualism of the Hungarian economy, which is also manifest in terms of differences in the size of individual industries' technological gaps, is a disadvantage from the point of view of competitiveness. The increasing differences in the size of the technological gaps can be explained not only with industry-specific factors, but also with the weakness of technology and regional development policies, as well as with institutional deficiencies.

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Extreme weight control behaviors among adolescent athletes: Links with weight-related maltreatment from parents and coaches and sport ethic norms

International Review for the Sociology of Sport ◽

10.1177/10126902211018672 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 101269022110186

Author(s):

Véronique Boudreault ◽

Marie-Pierre Gagnon-Girouard ◽

Noémie Carbonneau ◽

Sophie Labossière ◽

Catherine Bégin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Control ◽

Online Survey ◽

The Other ◽

Weight Class ◽

Psychological Violence ◽

French Canadian ◽

Adolescent Athletes ◽

Weight Control Behaviors ◽

Specific Factors

The use of extreme weight-control behaviors is prevalent among adolescent athletes and may result from individual and sport-specific factors. Weight-related maltreatment from coaches and parents, and conformity to sport ethic norms have recently been linked to the use of extreme weight-control behaviors. This study aims to investigate the role of sport ethic norms and weight-related maltreatment from coaches and parents in the use of extreme weight-control behaviors among adolescent athletes. A sample of 999 French-Canadian athletes aged 14–17 years competing in a variety of sports completed an online survey assessing extreme weight-control behaviors, weight-related maltreatment from coaches and parents, and conformity to sport ethic norms. A total of 16.9% of the adolescent athletes reported having adopted extreme weight-control behaviors during their athletic careers. Extreme weight-control behaviors were significantly more prevalent among girls (19.75% vs 9.7% in boys) and weight-class-sport athletes (44%). In addition, 7.4% of the sample experienced at least one type of weight-related maltreatment by coaches or parents. Sex, weight-related neglect by coaches and parents, and weight-related psychological violence by coaches explained 24.4% of extreme weight-control behaviors variance. Indeed, participants who engaged in extreme weight-control behaviors experienced significantly more violence than the other participants did. In contrast, no differences were observed between people who engaged in extreme weight-control behaviors and those who did not due to conformity to sport ethic norms.

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Comparing burnout and work-life balance among specialists in internal medicine: the role of inpatient vs. outpatient workplace

Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology ◽

10.1186/s12995-021-00294-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Felix S. Hussenoeder ◽

Erik Bodendieck ◽

Franziska Jung ◽

Ines Conrad ◽

Steffi G. Riedel-Heller

Keyword(s):

Outpatient Setting ◽

Work Life ◽

Work Life Balance ◽

Full Time ◽

Life Balance ◽

Specific Factors ◽

Physician Mental Health ◽

Outpatient Settings ◽

Subsequent Patient

Abstract Background Compared to the general population, physicians are more likely to experience increased burnout and lowered work-life balance. In our article, we want to analyze whether the workplace of a physician is associated with these outcomes. Methods In September 2019, physicians from various specialties answered a comprehensive questionnaire. We analyzed a subsample of 183 internists that were working full time, 51.4% were female. Results Multivariate analysis showed that internists working in an outpatient setting exhibit significantly higher WLB and more favorable scores on all three burnout dimensions. In the regression analysis, hospital-based physicians exhibited higher exhaustion, cynicism and total burnout score as well as lower WLB. Conclusions Physician working at hospitals exhibit less favorable outcomes compared to their colleagues in outpatient settings. This could be a consequence of workplace-specific factors that could be targeted by interventions to improve physician mental health and subsequent patient care.

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Possible Role of High-Dose Barbiturates and Early Administration of Parenteral Ketogenic Diet for Reducing Development of Chronic Epilepsy in Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome: A Case Report

Neuropediatrics ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1716903 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Shimpei Baba ◽

Tohru Okanishi ◽

Koichi Ohsugi ◽

Rika Suzumura ◽

Keiko Niimi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Continuous Infusion ◽

Ketogenic Diet ◽

Epilepsy Syndrome ◽

High Dose ◽

Early Administration ◽

Chronic Epilepsy ◽

Time Period ◽

Irreversible Brain Damage ◽

Electroencephalogram Eeg

AbstractWe describe the efficacy of high-dose barbiturates and early administration of a parenteral ketogenic diet (KD) as initial treatments for acute status epilepticus (SE) in an 8-year-old girl with febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES). The patient was admitted to our hospital with refractory focal SE. Abundant epileptic discharges over the left frontal region were observed on electroencephalogram (EEG). Treatment with continuous infusion of thiamylal for 4 hours, increased incrementally to 40 mg/kg/h, successfully ended the clinical SE, and induced a burst-suppression coma. The infusion rate was then gradually decreased to 4 mg/kg/h over the next 12 hours. Parenteral KD was administered from days 6 to 21 of illness. Continuous infusion of thiamylal was switched to midazolam on day 10 without causing seizures or EEG exacerbations. The patient has remained seizure free in the 15 months since hospital discharge. The effectiveness of KD for the treatment of FIRES has attracted attention amongst clinicians, but KD treatment may need to last for 2 to 4 days before it can stop SE, a time period that could cause irreversible brain damage. Considering the severity of SE in our patient and the dose of barbiturates needed to treat it, we consider this case to have had a good clinical outcome. The results suggest that rapid termination of seizure using high-dose barbiturates in conjunction with early administration of parenteral KD could reduce the development of chronic epilepsy in patients with FIRES.

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The Functional Role of Response Suppression during an Urge to Relieve Pain

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

10.1162/jocn_a_01423 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (9) ◽

pp. 1404-1421

Author(s):

Kelsey K. Sundby ◽

Johanna Wagner ◽

Adam R. Aron

Keyword(s):

Short Interval ◽

Intracortical Inhibition ◽

Gabaergic Interneuron ◽

Response Suppression ◽

Active Response ◽

Relieve Pain ◽

Clinical Disorders ◽

Functional Relevance ◽

Interneuron Activity

Being in the state of having both a strong impulse to act and a simultaneous need to withhold is commonly described as an “urge.” Although urges are part of everyday life and also important to several clinical disorders, the components of urge are poorly understood. It has been conjectured that withholding an action during urge involves active response suppression. We tested that idea by designing an urge paradigm that required participants to resist an impulse to press a button and gain relief from heat (one hand was poised to press while the other arm had heat stimulation). We first used paired-pulse TMS over motor cortex (M1) to measure corticospinal excitability of the hand that could press for relief, while participants withheld movement. We observed increased short-interval intracortical inhibition, an index of M1 GABAergic interneuron activity that was maintained across seconds and specific to the task-relevant finger. A second experiment replicated this. We next used EEG to better “image” putative cortical signatures of motor suppression and pain. We found increased sensorimotor beta contralateral to the task-relevant hand while participants withheld the movement during heat. We interpret this as further evidence of a motor suppressive process. Additionally, there was beta desynchronization contralateral to the arm with heat, which could reflect a pain signature. Strikingly, participants who “suppressed” more exhibited less of a putative “pain” response. We speculate that, during urge, a suppressive state may have functional relevance for both resisting a prohibited action and for mitigating discomfort.

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Identification and developmental regulation of a neuron-specific subunit of cytoplasmic dynein.

Molecular Biology of the Cell ◽

10.1091/mbc.7.2.331 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 331-343 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

K K Pfister ◽

M W Salata ◽

J F Dillman ◽

E Torre ◽

R J Lye

Keyword(s):

Axonal Transport ◽

Developmental Regulation ◽

Cytoplasmic Dynein ◽

Retrograde Axonal Transport ◽

Protein Isoforms ◽

Cultured Neurons ◽

Developmentally Regulated ◽

Time Period ◽

Intermediate Chains

Cytoplasmic dynein is the microtubule minus-end-directed motor for the retrograde axonal transport of membranous organelles. Because of its similarity to the intermediate chains of flagellar dynein, the 74-kDa intermediate chain (IC74) subunit of dynein is thought to be involved in binding dynein to its membranous organelle cargo. Previously, we identified six isoforms of the IC74 cytoplasmic dynein subunit in the brain. We further demonstrated that cultured glia and neurons expressed different dynein IC74 isoforms and phospho-isoforms. Two isoforms were observed when dynein from glia was analyzed. When dynein from cultured neurons was analyzed, six IC74 isoforms were observed, although the relative amounts of the dynein isoforms from cultured neurons differed from those found in dynein from brain. To better understand the role of the neuronal IC74 isoforms and identify neuron-specific IC74 dynein subunits, the expression of the IC74 protein isoforms and mRNAs of various tissues were compared. As a result of this comparison, the identity of each of the isoform spots observed on two-dimensional gels was correlated with the products of each of the IC74 mRNAs. We also found that between the fifteenth day of gestation (E15) and the fifth day after birth (P5), the relative expression of the IC74 protein isoforms changes, demonstrating that the expression of IC74 isoforms is developmentally regulated in brain. During this time period, there is relatively little change in the abundance of the various IC74 mRNAs. The E15 to P5 time period is one of rapid process extension and initial pattern formation in the rat brain. This result indicates that the changes in neuronal IC74 isoforms coincide with neuronal differentiation, in particular the extension of processes. This suggests a role for the neuronal IC74 isoforms in the establishment or regulation of retrograde axonal transport.

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A critical appraisal of the role of respiratory supercomplexes in mitochondria

Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1515/hsz-2012-0317 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 394 (5) ◽

pp. 631-639 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Maria Luisa Genova ◽

Giorgio Lenaz

Keyword(s):

Critical Appraisal ◽

Dynamic Equilibrium ◽

Coenzyme Q ◽

Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain ◽

Substantial Evidence ◽

Mammalian Mitochondria ◽

Respiratory Supercomplexes ◽

Functional Relevance ◽

The Individual

Abstract Substantial evidence exists that the mitochondrial respiratory chain is organized in supramolecular units called supercomplexes or respirasomes. While the structural evidence of the supercomplexes is overwhelming, fewer studies have focused on their functional relevance. Although the presence of coenzyme Q channeling between complexes I and III has been ascertained, no such clear demonstration has been carried out for cytochrome c between complexes III and IV, at least in mammalian mitochondria. This review also discusses the implications concerning the number of respiratory complexes organized in supercomplexes and the possibility that they represent associations in dynamic equilibrium with the individual complexes.

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Exodus

After Dinner Conversation ◽

10.5840/adc2021211102 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (11) ◽

pp. 37-51

Author(s):

Geoffrey Hart ◽

Keyword(s):

Short Story ◽

Jewish People ◽

Deep Space ◽

Traditional Foods ◽

Religious Ceremony ◽

Time Period ◽

Archeological Evidence ◽

Historical Basis ◽

The Right

What makes a "religious" holiday? Does the combination of ritual, culture, and family custom all merge together to create "religion?" Does it even matter if the historical basis for religious stories are false? In this work of philosophical short story fiction, the spaceship computer AI wakes up a family in deep space hibernation to give them time to prepare for, and celebrate, Passover. There are many situations unique to being in space that must be overcome; determining the right time period when taking into consideration time dilation, not to mention missing ingredients for traditional foods. Also, they are short two people of the requisite ten and ask the computer AI to "convert" and serve the role of two additional Jewish people. Awkwardly, the computer reminds them that some of their traditional stories are not supported by archeological evidence. This all begs important questions about the complicated weaving of history, faith, culture, and family custom in religious ceremony.

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The role of task sequencing in fluency, accuracy, and complexity: Investigating the SSARC model of pedagogic task sequencing

Language Teaching Research ◽

10.1177/1362168818813668 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 642-665 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Aleksandra Malicka

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Complexity ◽

Speech Rate ◽

Structural Complexity ◽

Simple Complex ◽

Complexity Measures ◽

Complex Sequence ◽

Task Sequencing ◽

Sequence Versus ◽

Individual Task

This study set out to test the theoretical premise of the SSARC model of pedagogic task sequencing, which postulates that tasks should be sequenced for learners from cognitively simple to complex. This experiment compared the performance of three tasks differing in cognitive complexity in a simple–complex sequence versus in the absence of any other tasks. There were two groups in the study: (1) participants who performed the three tasks in the simple–complex sequence, and (2) participants who performed either the simple, the complex, or the most complex task. The participants’ speech was analysed using fluency, accuracy, and complexity measures. The results indicate that simple–complex sequencing led to a higher speech rate, greater dysfluency, enhanced accuracy, and greater structural complexity, as compared to individual task performance. The results are discussed in terms of the SSARC model and pedagogical implications of the findings are presented.

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