Modeling and proving dynamic behaviors of a routing protocol: A tutorial

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 155014772110586
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Paszkowska ◽  
Konrad Iwanicki
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Packet Routing ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Route Maintenance ◽  
Proof Techniques ◽  
Distance Vector ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Control Modeling ◽  
Open Issues

With the increasing adoption of Internet of Things technologies for controlling physical processes, their dependability becomes important. One of the fundamental functionalities on which such technologies rely for transferring information between devices is packet routing. However, while the performance of Internet of Things–oriented routing protocols has been widely studied experimentally, little work has been done on provable guarantees on their correctness in various scenarios. To stimulate this type of work, in this article, we give a tutorial on how such guarantees can be derived formally. Our focus is the dynamic behavior of distance-vector route maintenance in an evolving network. As a running example of a routing protocol, we employ routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks, and as the underlying formalism, a variant of linear temporal logic. By building a dedicated model of the protocol, we illustrate common problems, such as keeping complexity in control, modeling processing and communication, abstracting algorithms comprising the protocol, and dealing with open issues and external dependencies. Using the model to derive various safety and liveness guarantees for the protocol and conditions under which they hold, we demonstrate in turn a few proof techniques and the iterative nature of protocol verification, which facilitates obtaining results that are realistic and relevant in practice.

scholarly journals Energy Efficient Composite Metric Based Routing Protocol for Internet of Things

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1366-1381
Author(s):  
Sathishkumar Natesan ◽  
Rajakumar Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Link Quality ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Hop Count ◽  
Battery Discharge

The Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is operated by gadgets comprised of many devices of embedded type with limited energy, memory as well as resources that do their process. The improvements in the life of the network and energy conservation are the key challenging features in Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLN). Obviously, the LLN has a key strategic part in routing. The Internet of Things (IoT) device is expected to make the apt choice. In LLN, the poor routing choice leads to traffic congestion, reduction in power as well as packet loss ratio. The task in the proposal analyzes Delay (D), Load (L) and Battery Discharge Index (BDI) pivoted Energy Efficient Composite Metric Routing (EECMR) protocol for LLN. The performance of the work in the proposal is evaluated by the COOJA simulator. It outperforms with respect to Network Lifetime (NL), Delay as well as Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) contrasted to the routing metrics like Traffic Load (TL), Link Quality (LQ), Residual Energy (RE), RE-Battery Discharge Index (RE-BDI) and Hop Count (HC).

scholarly journals Acknowledgement Based Technique for Detection of the Wormhole Attack in RPL Based Internet of Things Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (S3) ◽  
pp. 100-104
Author(s):  
Vikram Neerugatti ◽  
A. Rama Mohan Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Personal Area Networks ◽  
Wireless Personal Area Networks ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Wormhole Attack ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Selective Forwarding

Internet of Things (IoT) is the advanced technology, were the constrained nodes/things (all the objects around us such as chair, home, car, keys, etc.) will be connected to the internet to form a network, for sharing and monitoring the data, remotely. RPL (IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy networks) is a routing protocol particularly designed for the constrained (low powered, low computation, less size, etc.) networks with the protocol 6LoWPAN (IPv6 Low Powered wireless Personal Area Networks). Due to the constrained behaviour of the RPL protocol, it will leads to many RPL routing attacks such as Sinkhole, Black hole, Wormhole, Selective forwarding, rank attacks, etc. This paper was focused on the Wormhole attack. The Wormhole attack will select the packets from one location and drops those packets in some other location (malicious) by forming the Tunnelling. To detect this attack here proposed and implemented a novel approach called (ADWA). Acknowledgement based technique for detection of the wormhole attack in RPL based Internet of Things networks. This approach was shown efficient results with the Telosb sky emulator nodes in the Contiki Cooja simulator, in terms of the Packet delivery ratio, delay and detection of wormhole attack.

scholarly journals A Novel Fuzzy Based Method to Improve the Network Lifetime in Internet of Things

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 7190-7196
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Network Routing ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Soft Computing Techniques ◽  
Constrained Environments

Internet of Things (IoT) opens the way for many of the research areas out of which Network lifetime extension is one of the craziest research areas. Proposing a design for any sensor network routing protocol needs to concentrate on extending the network's existence. Minimizing energy consumption leads to an extension of the life of the network. Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is the routing protocol designed by IETF especially which meets the necessities of the constrained environments in IoT. This research article attempts improve performance of the RPL protocol by incorporating the soft-computing techniques. Here, a fuzzy logic-based approach is used which considers DIO_MIN as the essential factor/metric to improve the performance of RPL (i.e., reducing the energy consumption). The COOJA simulator is used for performing the simulations and assessment purpose. Results obtained from this research prove that fuzzy logic can be exercised to improving routing protocol quality (i.e., RPL) in terms of energy consumption.

scholarly journals Energy and Delay Aware Data Aggregation in Routing Protocol for Internet of Things

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (24) ◽  
pp. 5486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sankar Sennan ◽  
Sathiyabhama Balasubramaniyam ◽  
Ashish Kr. Luhach ◽  
Somula Ramasubbareddy ◽  
Naveen Chilamkurti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Data Aggregation ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Routing Metric ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Aggregated Data ◽  
Parent Selection

Energy conservation is one of the most critical problems in Internet of Things (IoT). It can be achieved in several ways, one of which is to select the optimal route for data transfer. IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is a standardized routing protocol for IoT. The RPL changes its path frequently while transmitting the data from source to the destination, due to high data traffic in dense networks. Hence, it creates data traffic across the nodes in the networks. To solve this issue, we propose Energy and Delay Aware Data aggregation in Routing Protocol (EDADA-RPL) for IoT. It has two processes, namely parent selection and data aggregation. The process of parent selection uses routing metric residual energy (RER) to choose the best possible parent for data transmission. The data aggregation process uses the compressed sensing (CS) theory in the parent node to combine data packets from the child nodes. Finally, the aggregated data transmits from a downward parent to the sink. The sink node collects all the aggregated data and it performs the reconstruction operation to get the original data of the participant node. The simulation is carried out using the Contiki COOJA simulator. EDADA-RPL’s performance is compared to RPL and LA-RPL. The EDADA-RPL offers good performance in terms of network lifetime, delay, and packet delivery ratio.

Security Threats in the Internet of Things

2018 ◽  
pp. 147-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faiza Medjek ◽  
Djamel Tandjaoui ◽  
Imed Romdhani ◽  
Nabil Djedjig
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Physical World ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Pervasive Environment ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Internet Of Things

In the internet of things (IoT) vision, people, systems, and objects with sensing and/or actuating capabilities communicate to monitor and control the physical world. Nowadays, the IoT concept has attracted significant attention from different application domain such as healthcare and smart homes. Indeed, self-organization and self-configuration are key characteristics of IoT given that IoT represents a pervasive environment where objects are resource-constrained and communication technologies are very ubiquitous. These characteristics in addition to the vulnerability of objects themselves and of the communication channels make IoT more susceptible to malicious attacks. In this context, a deep analysis of IoT security breach and vulnerabilities is necessary. This chapter presents IoT requirements and existing threats as well as security protocols and mechanisms. It specifically analyzes existing and new threats against the IoT's routing protocol (the routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks: RPL) and presents intrusion detection solutions (IDS) to counter RPL attacks.

Trust-Aware Routing Framework for Internet of Things

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-59
Author(s):  
S. Sankar ◽  
Ramasubbareddy Somula ◽  
R. Lakshmana Kumar ◽  
P. Srinivasan ◽  
M. Amala Jayanthi
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Routing Metrics ◽  
Network Nodes ◽  
Security Concern ◽  
Resource Constrained Devices ◽  
Critical Challenge ◽  
Constrained Devices

Establishing security in internet of things (IoT) is a critical challenge, as it is connected to the network's extremely resource-constrained devices. The RPL is a standard routing protocol for IoT. It is well-suited for low power and lossy networks (LLN). The RPL provides little security in the IoT network against various attacks. However, one needs to strengthen the security concern in RPL. So, this paper proposes a trust-aware, energy-based reliable routing (TAER-RPL) for IoT to enhance security among network nodes. The TAER-RPL is taken into account the routing metrics, namely trust, ETX, RER to pick the optimal parent for data transmission. The simulation is conducted in COOJA simulator. TAER-RPL's efficiency is compared with SecTrust-RPL and RPL. The TAER-RPL increases the lifespan of the network by 15%.

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