scholarly journals Energy and Delay Aware Data Aggregation in Routing Protocol for Internet of Things

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (24) ◽  
pp. 5486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sankar Sennan ◽  
Sathiyabhama Balasubramaniyam ◽  
Ashish Kr. Luhach ◽  
Somula Ramasubbareddy ◽  
Naveen Chilamkurti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Data Aggregation ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Routing Metric ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Aggregated Data ◽  
Parent Selection

Energy conservation is one of the most critical problems in Internet of Things (IoT). It can be achieved in several ways, one of which is to select the optimal route for data transfer. IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is a standardized routing protocol for IoT. The RPL changes its path frequently while transmitting the data from source to the destination, due to high data traffic in dense networks. Hence, it creates data traffic across the nodes in the networks. To solve this issue, we propose Energy and Delay Aware Data aggregation in Routing Protocol (EDADA-RPL) for IoT. It has two processes, namely parent selection and data aggregation. The process of parent selection uses routing metric residual energy (RER) to choose the best possible parent for data transmission. The data aggregation process uses the compressed sensing (CS) theory in the parent node to combine data packets from the child nodes. Finally, the aggregated data transmits from a downward parent to the sink. The sink node collects all the aggregated data and it performs the reconstruction operation to get the original data of the participant node. The simulation is carried out using the Contiki COOJA simulator. EDADA-RPL’s performance is compared to RPL and LA-RPL. The EDADA-RPL offers good performance in terms of network lifetime, delay, and packet delivery ratio.

scholarly journals Energy Efficient Composite Metric Based Routing Protocol for Internet of Things

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1366-1381
Author(s):  
Sathishkumar Natesan ◽  
Rajakumar Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Link Quality ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Hop Count ◽  
Battery Discharge

The Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is operated by gadgets comprised of many devices of embedded type with limited energy, memory as well as resources that do their process. The improvements in the life of the network and energy conservation are the key challenging features in Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLN). Obviously, the LLN has a key strategic part in routing. The Internet of Things (IoT) device is expected to make the apt choice. In LLN, the poor routing choice leads to traffic congestion, reduction in power as well as packet loss ratio. The task in the proposal analyzes Delay (D), Load (L) and Battery Discharge Index (BDI) pivoted Energy Efficient Composite Metric Routing (EECMR) protocol for LLN. The performance of the work in the proposal is evaluated by the COOJA simulator. It outperforms with respect to Network Lifetime (NL), Delay as well as Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) contrasted to the routing metrics like Traffic Load (TL), Link Quality (LQ), Residual Energy (RE), RE-Battery Discharge Index (RE-BDI) and Hop Count (HC).

scholarly journals Acknowledgement Based Technique for Detection of the Wormhole Attack in RPL Based Internet of Things Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (S3) ◽  
pp. 100-104
Author(s):  
Vikram Neerugatti ◽  
A. Rama Mohan Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Personal Area Networks ◽  
Wireless Personal Area Networks ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Wormhole Attack ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Selective Forwarding

Internet of Things (IoT) is the advanced technology, were the constrained nodes/things (all the objects around us such as chair, home, car, keys, etc.) will be connected to the internet to form a network, for sharing and monitoring the data, remotely. RPL (IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy networks) is a routing protocol particularly designed for the constrained (low powered, low computation, less size, etc.) networks with the protocol 6LoWPAN (IPv6 Low Powered wireless Personal Area Networks). Due to the constrained behaviour of the RPL protocol, it will leads to many RPL routing attacks such as Sinkhole, Black hole, Wormhole, Selective forwarding, rank attacks, etc. This paper was focused on the Wormhole attack. The Wormhole attack will select the packets from one location and drops those packets in some other location (malicious) by forming the Tunnelling. To detect this attack here proposed and implemented a novel approach called (ADWA). Acknowledgement based technique for detection of the wormhole attack in RPL based Internet of Things networks. This approach was shown efficient results with the Telosb sky emulator nodes in the Contiki Cooja simulator, in terms of the Packet delivery ratio, delay and detection of wormhole attack.

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of Routing Metrics in the LOADng Routing Protocol

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose V. V. Sobral ◽  
Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues ◽  
Neeraj Kumar ◽  
Chunsheng Zhu ◽  
Raja W. Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Traffic Patterns ◽  
Routing Metric ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Routing Metrics ◽  
Average Latency

LOADng (Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol - Next Generation) is an emerging routing protocol that emerged as an alternative to RPL (IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks). Although some work has been dedicated to study LOADng, these works do not analyze the performance of this protocol with different routing metrics. A routing metric is responsible for defining values for paths during the route creation process. Moreover, based on these metrics information a routing protocol will select the path to forward a message. Thus, this work aims to realize a performance assessment study considering different routing metrics applied to LOADng. The scenarios under study consider different traffic patterns and network sizes. The routing metrics are evaluated considering the packet delivery ratio, average energy spent per bit delivered, average latency, and number of hops. The results reveals that routing metrics used by this protocol may influence (directly) the network performance.

scholarly journals Detection and Mitigation of RPL Rank and Version Number Attacks in Smart Internet of Things

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahrah A. Almusaylim ◽  
Abdulaziz Alhumam ◽  
Wathiq Mansoor ◽  
Pushpita Chatterjee ◽  
Noor Zaman Jhanjhi
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Data Packets ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Average Energy Consumption

The rapid growth of the smart Internet of Things (IoT) and massive propagation of wireless technologies revealed the recent opportunities for development in various domains of real life such as smart cities and E-Health applications. A slight defense against different forms of attacks is offered for the current secure and lightweight Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) of IoT resource-constrained devices. Data packets are highly likely to be exposed while transmitting them during data packets routing. The RPL rank and version number attacks, which are two forms of RPL attacks, can have critical consequences for RPL networks. The studies conducted on these attacks have several security defects and performance shortcomings. The research proposes a Secure RPL Routing Protocol (SRPL-RP) for rank and version number attacks. It mainly detects, mitigates and isolates attacks in the RPL networks. The detection is based on a comparison of ranks strategy. The mitigation uses threshold and attacks status tables, and the isolation adds them to a blacklist table and alerts relevant nodes to skip them. SRPL-RP supports diverse types of network topologies and is comprehensively analyzed with multiple studies such as Standard RPL with Attacks, SBIDS and RPL+ Shield. The analysis results showed that the SRPL-RP achieves great improvements with Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) of 98.48%, control message value of 991 packets/second, and average energy consumption of 1231.75 joules. It provides a better accuracy rate with 98.17% under the attacks.

scholarly journals Detection and Mitigation of RPL Rank and Version Number Attacks in the Internet of Things: SRPL-RP

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 5997
Author(s):  
Zahrah A. Almusaylim ◽  
NZ Jhanjhi ◽  
Abdulaziz Alhumam
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Average Energy Consumption ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the massive propagation of wireless technologies has revealed recent opportunities for development in various domains of real life, such as smart cities and E-Health applications. A slight defense against different forms of attack is offered for the current secure and lightweight Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) of IoT resource-constrained devices. Data packets are highly likely to be exposed in transmission during data packet routing. The RPL rank and version number attacks, which are two forms of RPL attacks, can have critical consequences for RPL networks. The studies conducted on these attacks have several security defects and performance shortcomings. In this research, we propose a Secure RPL Routing Protocol (SRPL-RP) for rank and version number attacks. This mainly detects, mitigates, and isolates attacks in RPL networks. The detection is based on a comparison of the rank strategy. The mitigation uses threshold and attack status tables, and the isolation adds them to a blacklist table and alerts nodes to skip them. SRPL-RP supports diverse types of network topologies and is comprehensively analyzed with multiple studies, such as Standard RPL with Attacks, Sink-Based Intrusion Detection Systems (SBIDS), and RPL+Shield. The analysis results showed that the SRPL-RP achieved significant improvements with a Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) of 98.48%, a control message value of 991 packets/s, and an average energy consumption of 1231.75 joules. SRPL-RP provided a better accuracy rate of 98.30% under the attacks.

scholarly journals Multi-Layer Cluster Based Energy Aware Routing Protocol for Internet of Things

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sankar ◽  
P. Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Energy Aware Routing

Abstract We propose a multi-layer cluster based energy aware routing protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks, which divides the network area into equal length rings. The intra-ring clustering process divides a ring into equal sized clusters and inter-cluster routing applies the fuzzy logic to select the best route for data transfer. It increases the network lifetime and packet delivery ratio by 18-22% and 5-8%, respectively.

scholarly journals Toward Improved RPL: A Congestion Avoidance Multipath Routing Protocol with Time Factor for Wireless Sensor Networks

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weisheng Tang ◽  
Xiaoyuan Ma ◽  
Jun Huang ◽  
Jianming Wei
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Packet Loss ◽  
Multipath Routing ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Congestion Avoidance ◽  
Link Quality ◽  
Network Congestion ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Routing Metric ◽  
Lossy Networks

Designing routing protocols in Low power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) imposes great challenges. In emergency scenarios, the large and rapid data traffic caused by emergencies will lead to network congestion and bring about significant packet loss and delay. Routing protocol for LLNs (RPL) is the IETF standard for IPv6 routing in LLNs. The basic version of RPL uses Expected Transmission Count (ETX) as the default routing metric; it cannot solve the problem of sudden large data traffic. In this paper, we propose a congestion avoidance multipath routing protocol which uses composite routing metrics based on RPL, named CA-RPL. A routing metric for RPL that minimized the average delay towards the DAG root is proposed, and the weight of each path is computed by four metrics. The mechanism is explained and its performance is evaluated through simulation experiments based on Contiki. Simulation results show that the proposed CA-RPL reduces the average time delay by about 30% compared to original RPL when the interpacket interval is short and has almost 20% reduction in packet loss ratio. The CA-RPL can effectively alleviate the network congestion in the network with poor link quality and large data traffic and significantly improve the performance of LLNs.

RIoT: A Routing Protocol for the Internet of Things†

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 958-973
Author(s):  
Muhammad Omer Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Network Partitioning ◽  
Memory Requirement ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Control Overhead ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Abstract The routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL) is a standard routing framework for Internet of Things (IoT). It supports multipoint-to-point (MP-to-P), point-to-point (P-to-P) and point-to-multipoint (P-to-MP) communications. It is known that RPL’s control overhead can result in the protocol’s poor performance in P-to-P and P-to-MP communications especially in its non-storing mode of operation. Here, we present a routing protocol for the Internet of Things (RIoT) that supports MP-to-P, P-to-P and P-to-MP communications. The protocol can construct P-to-P and P-to-MP routes with relatively lower control overhead. Another salient feature of RIoT is that it supports multiple gateways in the same network with an aim to reduce memory requirement for storing a forwarding table. Furthermore, RIoT is also capable of handling mobility-based IoT use cases. To facilitate communication among nodes connected to different gateways in the same network, here we also present an inter-gateway communication mechanism. We implemented RIoT in the Contiki operating system, and it is extensively evaluated using emulation and real testbed-based experiments. We analyzed the impact of the number of gateways, radio duty cycling (RDC) and mobility on the routing protocols’ performance. Our results demonstrate that either with or without RDC RIoT demonstrates statistically significantly better packet delivery ratio, per-packet end-to-end delay and control overhead compared to the RPL-based protocol. RIoT’s multi-gateway communication architecture substantially reduces the memory requirement to store a forwarding table. Our results also demonstrate that multiple gateways in a network reduce the network partitioning problem in mobile scenarios. Hence, RIoT also demonstrates better performance in mobile scenarios compared to the RPL-based protocol.

scholarly journals An Energy Efficient Secure Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenice Prabu A ◽  
Hevin Rajesh D
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Data Aggregation ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Malicious Nodes ◽  
Aggregated Data

Abstract In Wireless sensor network, the major issues are security and energy consumption. There may be several numbers of malicious nodes present in sensor networks. Several techniques have been proposed by the researchers to identify these malicious nodes. WSNs contain many sensor nodes that sense their environment and also transmit their data via multi-hop communication schemes to the base station. These sensor nodes provides power supply using battery and the energy consumption of these batteries must be low. Securing the data is to avoid attacks on these nodes and data communication. The aggregation of data helps to minimize the amount of messages transmitted within the network and thus reduces overall network energy consumption. Moreover, the base station may distinguish the encrypted and aggregated data based on the encryption keys during the decryption of the aggregated data. In this paper, two aspects of the problem is concerned, we investigate the efficiency of data aggregation: first, how to develop cluster-based routing algorithms to achieve the lowest energy consumption for aggregating data, and second, security issues in wsn. By using Network simulator2 (NS2) this scheme is simulated. In the proposed scheme, energy consumption, packet delivery ratio and throughput is analyzed. The proposed clustering, routing, and protection protocol based on the MCSDA algorithm shows significant improvement over the state-of - the-art protocol.

scholarly journals Ranking based RPL for Multipoint-to-Point Multi-modal Data Communication in IoT Network.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Archana Bhat ◽  
Geetha V
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Modal Data ◽  
Scheduling Strategy ◽  
Scalar Data

Abstract IPv6 Routing Protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL) is a standardized and default routing protocol for low power lossy networks. However, this is basically designed for sensor networks with scalar data and not optimised for the networks with multi-modal sensors. The data rate of each multi-modal sensor varies based on various applications. RPL suffers from packet drops and re-transmissions which results in packet loss and energy consumption in case of multi-modal data transmission. Hence, the routing strategy implemented in RPL needs better scheduling strategy at parent node for forwarding packets based on various parameters. In this paper, relevant Objective Functions for multi-modal sensor data communication is proposed based on various parameters identified and a weighted ranking based scheduling strategy is proposed for multi-modal data communication called R-RPL. The goal of proposed ranking based RPL (R-RPL) is to increase the throughput and reduce the loss in terms of energy and delay based on proposed scheduling strategy for parent selection. The performance of the proposed R-RPL is evaluated in the contiki based Cooja simulator and compared with RPL protocol. The analysis shows that the R-RPL performs better compared to RPL with respect to packet delivery ratio and energy consumption.

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